The Government of India has undertaken several initiatives to address the challenges of water management, including water scarcity, groundwater depletion, pollution, and inefficient usage. These initiatives focus on water conservation, sustainable management, and ensuring equitable access to clean water. Below is a detailed explanation of the key initiatives:
1. Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA)
- Launched in 2019, JSA is a water conservation campaign implemented in mission mode.
- It focuses on five major interventions:
- Water conservation and rainwater harvesting
- Renovation of traditional and other water bodies/tanks
- Rejuvenation of small rivers and watersheds
- Intensive afforestation
- Water-efficient practices for agriculture
- Implemented in water-stressed districts with active community participation.
- Encourages local-level solutions like rooftop rainwater harvesting and check dams.
2. Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)
- Launched in 2015 to improve urban water infrastructure.
- Objectives:
- Ensure universal coverage of water supply and sewerage.
- Promote rainwater harvesting and wastewater reuse.
- Develop green spaces and parks to improve groundwater recharge.
- Encourages cities to adopt water-efficient technologies like smart water meters.
3. National Water Mission (NWM)
- Part of India's National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).
- Aims to increase water use efficiency by 20% through better management practices.
- Key Strategies:
- Basin-level water planning and integrated river basin management.
- Assessment of climate change impact on water resources.
- Encouraging water-neutral and water-positive industries.
- Promotes traditional water conservation techniques alongside modern technology.
4. Namami Gange Programme
- Launched in 2014 for the rejuvenation and cleaning of the Ganga River.
- Aims to control pollution, improve river ecology, and promote sustainable management.
- Key Components:
- Construction of sewage treatment plants (STPs) to reduce untreated wastewater discharge.
- River surface cleaning to remove floating debris.
- Bio-diversity conservation, afforestation, and wetland protection.
- Public participation through Ganga Gram (model villages along the river) and awareness campaigns.
- Extended to cover tributaries of the Ganga, including the Yamuna and Damodar rivers.
5. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)
- Launched in 2015 to ensure water security in agriculture.
- Objectives:
- Har Khet Ko Pani – Ensuring irrigation for every farm.
- Per Drop More Crop – Promoting micro-irrigation (drip & sprinkler irrigation) to improve water-use efficiency.
- Watershed Development – Improving soil moisture retention and groundwater recharge.
- Encourages participatory irrigation management through Water User Associations (WUAs).
6. Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)
- Launched in 2019 to provide tap water connections (Functional Household Tap Connection - FHTC) to all rural households by 2024.
- Focuses on source sustainability, groundwater recharge, and greywater management.
- Encourages community participation, local governance, and water budgeting.
- Uses sensor-based real-time monitoring for efficient water supply tracking.
7. Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY)
- A groundwater management program launched in 2020 with World Bank assistance.
- Targets groundwater-stressed areas in seven states: Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh.
- Focuses on community-driven, demand-side water management.
- Encourages cropping pattern changes, rainwater harvesting, and groundwater recharge.
- Strengthens data collection and monitoring of groundwater levels.
8. Catch the Rain Campaign
- Launched under the National Water Mission (NWM) in 2021.
- Promotes rainwater harvesting and conservation before the monsoon season.
- Focus areas:
- Repairing traditional water bodies (lakes, ponds, stepwells).
- Creating new water conservation structures.
- Encouraging rooftop rainwater harvesting.
- Engaging local authorities and communities in water conservation activities.
9. River Basin Management Initiatives
- Focuses on integrated river basin planning and interlinking of rivers.
- Interlinking of Rivers (ILR) Project:
- Aims to transfer surplus water from water-abundant regions to drought-prone areas.
- Proposed 30 inter-basin water transfer links (14 Himalayan & 16 Peninsular).
- Major projects include Ken-Betwa River Linking, which benefits Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.
- Promotes scientific river basin modeling and flood management.
10. National Hydrology Project (NHP)
- Strengthens water resource management through hydrological data and advanced technology.
- Uses satellite-based monitoring, remote sensing, and GIS tools.
- Develops a real-time hydrological database for better decision-making.
- Supports flood forecasting, groundwater assessment, and drought management.
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