Skip to main content

Geology and Tectonic. Indian Shield


1. Ch (Chattisgarh Basin): Chattisgarh Basin is a geological region in central India known for its sedimentary rock formations. It's important for its mineral resources, including coal and iron ore.

2. CIS (Central Indian Shear Zone): CIS is a tectonic boundary in central India where the Indian Plate interacts with the Eurasian Plate. It's characterized by significant faulting and seismic activity.

3. GR (Godavari Rift): The Godavari Rift is a geological feature associated with the rifting and splitting of the Indian Plate. It's located in the Godavari River basin in southeastern India.

4. M (Madras Block): The Madras Block is a stable continental block in southern India. It's part of the Indian Plate and is not associated with active tectonic processes.

5. Mk (Malanjkhand): Malanjkhand is known for its copper deposits and is one of the largest copper mines in India.

6. MR (Mahanadi Rift): The Mahanadi Rift is a geological feature related to the rifting of the Indian Plate. It's associated with the formation of the Mahanadi River basin in eastern India.

7. N (Nilgiri Block): The Nilgiri Block is a geological region in southern India, known for its ancient rocks and distinct geological history.

8. NS (Narmada-Son Fault Zone): This fault zone extends across central India and marks a significant tectonic boundary where the Indian Plate meets the Eurasian Plate.

9. PC (Palghat-Cauvery Shear Zone): The Palghat-Cauvery Shear Zone is a major geological fault system in southern India, where the Indian Plate interacts with the Eurasian Plate.

10. R (Rengali Province and Kerajang Shear Zone): These are geological regions in eastern India, possibly associated with shear zones and tectonic activity.

11. S (Singhbhum Shear Zone): The Singhbhum Shear Zone is a tectonic feature in eastern India that has played a significant role in the geological history of the region.

12. V (Vindhyan Basin): The Vindhyan Basin is a sedimentary basin in central India known for its extensive rock formations, which hold clues to the Earth's geological past.



1. Shear Zone:
   A shear zone is a geological area where rocks have experienced significant lateral movement in opposite directions. This movement typically occurs along a fault plane, resulting in rocks being displaced horizontally. Shear zones are often associated with intense deformation and can be important for understanding tectonic processes.

2. Block:
   In geology, a block refers to a section of the Earth's crust that is bounded by faults or tectonic boundaries. Blocks can be large or small and are often used to describe distinct regions within a tectonic setting. For example, "crustal blocks" are pieces of the Earth's crust that have different geological characteristics.

3. Fault:
   A fault is a fracture or zone of rock where there has been movement. It's a boundary where rocks on either side have shifted relative to each other. Faults can be caused by tectonic forces, and they are often responsible for earthquakes when they suddenly release accumulated stress.

4. Rift Valley:
   A rift valley is a linear depression or lowland region on the Earth's surface that forms when the Earth's crust is stretched and pulled apart. Rift valleys are often associated with tectonic plate boundaries and are where continents may begin to split apart, eventually forming new ocean basins.

5. Craton:
   A craton is the stable, ancient core of a continent that consists of thick, relatively undeformed layers of the Earth's crust. These regions have been geologically quiet for a long time and are considered the "nuclei" of continents. They are often surrounded by younger geological features.

6. Shield:
   A shield is a large, stable area of exposed Precambrian rock (rock that is more than 600 million years old) on a continent's surface. Shields are typically found within cratons and are characterized by their lack of significant mountain ranges or recent tectonic activity. They often form the central core of continents.

7. Basin:
   A basin is a low-lying, often bowl-shaped, geographical area with defined boundaries that can be either geological or hydrological. Geological basins may contain sedimentary rocks that have accumulated over millions of years and can be associated with depressions in the Earth's crust. Hydrological basins are areas drained by a river system.


Comments

Popular posts from this blog

Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing

1. Principles Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing is based on the detection of naturally emitted electromagnetic radiation from objects, rather than reflected solar energy. According to Planck's Radiation Law , all objects with a temperature above absolute zero (0 K) emit electromagnetic radiation. For Earth surface features, the peak emission lies in the Thermal Infrared (TIR) region of 3–14 μm of the electromagnetic spectrum. The amount of radiation emitted is primarily a function of surface temperature and emissivity . Sensors measure the radiant energy flux density (W/m²) , which is later converted to surface temperature using Stefan-Boltzmann's Law . 2. Radiation Properties in TIR Emissivity (ε): Ratio of radiation emitted by a surface to that emitted by a perfect blackbody at the same temperature. Natural surfaces like water (ε ≈ 0.98) have high emissivity, while bare soils and metals have lower values. Blackbody: An idealized object th...

Atmospheric Window

The atmospheric window in remote sensing refers to specific wavelength ranges within the electromagnetic spectrum that can pass through the Earth's atmosphere relatively unimpeded. These windows are crucial for remote sensing applications because they allow us to observe the Earth's surface and atmosphere without significant interference from the atmosphere's constituents. Key facts and concepts about atmospheric windows: Visible and Near-Infrared (VNIR) window: This window encompasses wavelengths from approximately 0. 4 to 1. 0 micrometers. It is ideal for observing vegetation, water bodies, and land cover types. Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) window: This window covers wavelengths from approximately 1. 0 to 3. 0 micrometers. It is particularly useful for detecting minerals, water content, and vegetation health. Mid-Infrared (MIR) window: This window spans wavelengths from approximately 3. 0 to 8. 0 micrometers. It is valuable for identifying various materials, incl...

Radar Remote Sensing SAR

1. Radar and Radar Remote Sensing RADAR stands for Radio Detection and Ranging . It is an active remote sensing system that transmits microwave energy toward the Earth's surface and records the energy that is returned to the sensor as an echo or backscatter . Unlike passive optical remote sensing, radar does not depend on sunlight. Therefore, it can operate day and night and, at suitable wavelengths, can acquire data through clouds, haze and light rain. Hence, radar is widely described as an all-weather, day-and-night remote sensing technology . Basic principle Microwave pulse → transmission → interaction with surface → backscatter/echo → antenna receives signal → signal processing → radar image 2. Microwave Energy Radar systems use microwave electromagnetic radiation , generally in wavelength ranges from approximately 1 mm to 1 m . Important radar bands include: Band Approx. wavelength Common applications ...

Radar image. Polarization in Remote Sensing

L band radars operate on a wavelength of 15-30 cm and a frequency of 1-2 GHz. L band radars are mostly used for clear air turbulence studies. S band radars operate on a wavelength of 8-15 cm and a frequency of 2-4 GHz. Because of the wavelength and frequency, S band radars are not easily attenuated. . Polarization refers to the direction of travel of an electromagnetic wave vector's tip: vertical (up and down), horizontal (left to right), or  circular (rotating in a constant plane left or right). . a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for high-resolution imaging. a radar altimeter, to measure the ocean topography. echo amplitude a wind scatterometer to measure wind speed and direction. Other types of radars have been flown for Earth observation missions: precipitation radars such as the  Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, or cloud radars like the one used on Cloudsat. . RISAT-1 (SAR, ISRO India, 2012) RORSAT (SAR, Soviet Union, 1967-1988) Seasat (SAR, altimeter, scatterometer, US, 19...

Discrete Detectors and Scanning mirrors Across the track scanner Whisk broom scanner.

Multispectral Imaging Using Discrete Detectors and Scanning Mirrors (Across-Track Scanner or Whisk Broom Scanner) Multispectral Imaging:  This technique involves capturing images of the Earth's surface using multiple sensors that are sensitive to different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.  This allows for the identification of various features and materials based on their spectral signatures. Discrete Detectors:  These are individual sensors that are arranged in a linear or array configuration.  Each detector is responsible for measuring the radiation within a specific wavelength band. Scanning Mirrors:  These are optical components that are used to deflect the incoming radiation onto the discrete detectors.  By moving the mirrors,  the sensor can scan across the scene,  capturing data from different points. Across-Track Scanner or Whisk Broom Scanner:  This refers to the scanning mechanism where the mirror moves perpendicular to the direction of flight.  This allows for t...