Vineesh V, Geography

💡Anticipatory action is the smart way to provide humanitarian assistance for forecastable events, ahead of the shock. 🚀 When a pre-agreed forecast threshold is crossed, a set of pre-agreed and pre-financed humanitarian interventions is triggered. Acting before the event protects lives, livelihoods, and dignity. 🤝 Anticipatory action is interwoven with other humanitarian approaches and with climate and development efforts. It builds on early warnings, early action, climate adaptation, and disaster preparedness.

Disaster Risk Management 

Climate change does not remove cold weather: it changes how it behaves. As global temperatures rise, winters are milder on average and snow cover is declining. Yet warming also alters atmospheric dynamics, sometimes increasing winter disruption. Key mechanisms include: 🌀 Polar vortex shifts – when weakened or displaced, it can amplify jet stream swings and push Arctic air south. 💧 More atmospheric moisture – warmer air and oceans fuel heavier snow, sleet, or freezing rain when cold air is present. ⚖️ Competing effects – reduced temperature contrasts can weaken storms, while extremes may intensify. The result: fewer cold events overall, but potentially sharper impacts when they occur. Understanding this complexity strengthens forecasting, early warnings, and preparedness.

Time scale 

Biome and temperature 

The history of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is rooted in early efforts to understand spatial relationships and patterns, long before the advent of digital computers. While modern GIS emerged in the mid-20th century with advances in computing, its conceptual foundations lie in cartography, spatial analysis, and thematic mapping. Early Roots of Spatial Analysis (Pre-1960s) One of the earliest documented applications of spatial analysis dates back to  1832 , when  Charles Picquet , a French geographer and cartographer, produced a cholera mortality map of Paris. In his report  Rapport sur la marche et les effets du choléra dans Paris et le département de la Seine , Picquet used graduated color shading to represent cholera deaths per 1,000 inhabitants across 48 districts. This work is widely regarded as an early example of choropleth mapping and thematic cartography applied to epidemiology. A landmark moment in the history of spatial analysis occurred in  1854 , when  John Snow  inv...

Soil profile 

Topology? Topology can be understood as the "rules of spatial behavior" that govern how geographic features relate to one another in a GIS environment. It defines the logical relationships between points, lines, and polygons, transforming a simple digital drawing into an intelligent and analyzable spatial network . Without topology, GIS data remain visually correct but analytically unreliable. 1️⃣ Adjacency (The "Jigsaw Puzzle" Rule) Concept: Adjacent polygons must fit together seamlessly. Rule: There should be no gaps (slivers) and no overlaps between neighboring polygons. Example: Two adjacent land parcels must share a single, common boundary. A parcel cannot overlap another parcel, nor can empty spaces exist between them—just like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle fitting perfectly. Connectivity (The "Plumbing" Rule) Concept: Line features must connect properly at nodes to form a continuous network. Rule: Lines must connect end-to-end , with no undersh...