Vineesh V, Geography

1. Disease Mapping GIS maps the location of diseases. Helps identify areas with high disease cases. Scholar: John Snow (1854) – Created the famous cholera map in London, considered the foundation of medical mapping. 2. Health Risk Mapping Identifies areas with high health risks (pollution, floods, poor sanitation). Helps governments plan preventive measures. Scholar: Charles Picket (1990s) – Promoted GIS applications in public health planning. (Often cited in health GIS literature; ensure the spelling is "Picket/Picquet" according to your syllabus source.) 3. Hotspot Analysis Finds places with many disease cases . Used to identify disease outbreak areas. Method: Getis-Ord Gi* Statistic. Developed by: Arthur Getis & J. Keith Ord (1992). 4. Coldspot Analysis Finds places with very few disease cases . Helps compare healthy and unhealthy regions. Method: Getis-Ord Gi* (1992...

Geography is the scientific study of the Earth , its physical features , human activities , and the relationships between people and the environment . It answers four basic questions: What is found? Where is it located? Why is it there? How does it interact with other places? Why is Geography Called a Science? Geography is a science because it: Observes natural and human phenomena. Collects and analyzes data. Uses scientific methods. Explains spatial patterns and relationships. Uses modern tools such as GIS , Remote Sensing , GPS , and Artificial Intelligence (AI) . Place of Geography in the Classification of Sciences Geography is unique because it belongs to more than one branch of science . Branch of Science Role of Geography Natural Science Studies landforms, climate, soils, water, vegetation, and ecosystems. ...

Chronological sequence and categorized by era and region. I. Introduction & Etymology •  Etymology : The term "Geography" derives from the Greek γεωγραφία (geographia) , meaning "Earth-writing" (description or writing about the Earth). •  First Use : Eratosthenes (276–194 BC) was the first person to use the word. •  Pre-Term Practices : Recognizable geographic practices like cartography (map-making) existed prior to the coining of the term. II. Antiquity & Ancient Civilizations 1. Ancient Egypt (Pre-Classical) •  Cosmology : Ancient Egyptians viewed the Nile as the center of the world, with existence based upon "the" river. •  Geographical Knowledge : •  Oases : Known to the east and west, considered locations of various gods (e.g., Siwa for the god Amon ). •  Kushitic Region : Lay to the south, known as far as the 4th cataract . •  Punt : A region located south a...