Geographical Models A model is a simplified representation of reality used to describe, explain, simulate, and predict geographical phenomena. Types Physical (Iconic) Models – Three-dimensional representations (e.g., globe, relief model). Conceptual Models – Diagrams or frameworks explaining geographical relationships. Mathematical (Quantitative) Models – Equations and statistical models for spatial analysis and prediction. Simulation Models – Computer-based models that simulate geographical processes (e.g., climate, flood, urban growth). Major Geographical Models Model Scholar Year Concept Johann Heinrich von Thünen Agricultural Land Use Model 1826 Land use varies with distance from the market. Walter Christaller Central Place Model 1933 Distribution of settlements and services. Ernest Burgess Concentric Zone M...
Thomas Kuhn (1922–1996) Thomas Samuel Kuhn was an American philosopher and historian of science . In 1962 , he published The Structure of Scientific Revolutions , introducing the concepts of paradigm and paradigm shift , which transformed the understanding of scientific progress. Definition: A framework of assumptions, concepts, and values that guide a group or field. Example (Science): Moving from a-earth-centered universe to a sun-centered solar system is a change in the scientific paradigm. Example (Daily Life): A shared cultural belief or a standard way of doing business. Kuhn's Model (1962) Kuhn's Model explains that science develops through successive paradigms rather than by continuous, gradual progress. Stages of Kuhn's Model Pre-paradigm Stage – No common theory; different ideas exist. Normal Science – Scientists work within an accepted paradigm . Crisis – Anom...