Body surveillance refers to the monitoring, observing, recording and controlling of human bodies in different geographical spaces. It examines how people’s bodies are watched and how this affects their freedom, behaviour, movement and access to public spaces. In Human Geography, the body is not viewed merely as a physical object. It is also understood as a geographical space where power, gender, social inequalities and political control operate. For example, CCTV cameras in streets, facial recognition at airports, and social pressure on women about how they dress are different forms of body surveillance. Concepts 1. Body as a Geographical Space Meaning: The human body is considered the smallest geographical scale at which power and social rules operate. Simple explanation: Geography does not study only countries, cities and regions. It also s...
The Quantitative Revolution was a major change in Geography during the 1950s and 1960s. It introduced mathematical, statistical and scientific methods to understand geographical phenomena. Before this revolution, geographers mainly described places, regions, landscapes and differences between areas. After the revolution, they increasingly used numerical data, statistical analysis, mathematical models and theories to explain why geographical patterns occur and how they may change. For example: Traditional approach: Describe the distribution of population in different regions. Quantitative approach: Use statistical methods to identify population patterns, explain the factors influencing population distribution and predict future population growth. The revolution helped establish Geography as a spatial science, focusing on the location, distribution, relati...