Geography of Urbanization

Urbanization patterns vary globally, shaped by culture and history. Indian cities often feature organic, mixed-use layouts fostering dense social interactions. British cities follow colonial grids and industrial planning, emphasizing functionality. American urbanization is defined by sprawling suburbs and car-centric designs. French cities prioritize monumental avenues and centralized urban planning, while Chinese urbanization combines traditional principles with high-density modern developments, reflecting rapid economic growth. Each pattern represents distinct urban priorities.

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Water Act 1974

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974 is a significant piece of legislation in India aimed at preventing and controlling water pollution. Here are some key facts about the Act: 1. Objective: The primary objective is to prevent and control water pollution and maintain or restore the wholesomeness of water in the country. 2. Establishment of Boards: - Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): The Act mandates the establishment of the CPCB to oversee and coordinate activities across the nation and advise the Central Government. - State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs): Each state is required to establish its own SPCB to plan comprehensive programs for the prevention and control of pollution. 3. Powers and Functions: - The Boards have the authority to inspect any sewage or trade effluents, works, and plants for the treatment of sewage and trade effluents. - They can establish standards for the discharge of pollutants into water bodies and ensure adherence to

Supervised Classification

Image Classification in Remote Sensing Image classification in remote sensing involves categorizing pixels in an image into thematic classes to produce a map. This process is essential for land use and land cover mapping, environmental studies, and resource management. The two primary methods for classification are Supervised and Unsupervised Classification . Here's a breakdown of these methods and the key stages of image classification. 1. Types of Classification Supervised Classification In supervised classification, the analyst manually defines classes of interest (known as information classes ), such as "water," "urban," or "vegetation," and identifies training areas —sections of the image that are representative of these classes. Using these training areas, the algorithm learns the spectral characteristics of each class and applies them to classify the entire image. When to Use Supervised Classification: - You have prior knowledge about the c

Hazard Vulnerability Exposure Risk

Key Concepts in Hazard Identification, Vulnerability Assessment, Exposure Assessment, and Risk Analysis Hazard-Exposure-Vulnerability-Risk (HEVR) Framework: Hazard: A potential event or phenomenon that can cause harm. Exposure: People, assets, or environments in harm's way. Vulnerability: Susceptibility to damage or harm from a hazard. Risk: The potential for loss or damage resulting from the interaction of hazards, exposure, and vulnerability. Risk as a Function: Risk can be calculated using the formula: Risk = Hazard × Vulnerability × Exposure. Reducing any of these factors can decrease overall risk. Types of Hazards: Natural hazards: Earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes. Anthropogenic hazards: Industrial accidents, pollution, infrastructure failure, climate change. Technological hazards: Nuclear accidents, chemical spills. Vulnerability Dimensions: Physical: Infrastructure quality, building codes, location. Social: Age, income, disability, gender, acces

Vineesh V, Geography

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