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Neighbourhood Operations

 Neighbourhood Operations in GIS?

In GIS and raster data, neighbourhood operations look at a group of nearby pixels (not just one) to understand or change a pixel's value.
Think of it like checking what's around a house before deciding what color to paint it!

Why "Neighbourhood"?

Each pixel has "neighbours" (just like how your house has nearby houses).
Neighbourhood operations check these nearby pixels and do some calculation to get a new value.

1. Aggregations (Summarizing Nearby Values)

Aggregation means combining values of several pixels into one.
We do this to:

  • Find the average of surrounding pixels

  • Find the minimum or maximum value

  • Smooth the map (make it less rough)

🧒🏻 Example: Imagine checking the test scores of 9 students sitting around you and finding the average score. That's aggregation!

 2. Filtering Techniques

Filtering is used to improve or highlight features in a raster image, just like filters on Instagram or Snapchat!

There are two main types:

a. Low Pass Filter (Smoothing Filter)

This filter smooths the image by removing sharp edges or noise.

  • It takes the average of surrounding pixels.

  • Used to make maps look cleaner and softer.

🧒🏻 Example: Blurring a photo to hide pimples. The map becomes "soft".

b. High Pass Filter (Sharpening Filter)

This filter sharpens the image and highlights edges or sudden changes.

  • It enhances details like roads, rivers, or building edges.

  • It shows where things change quickly.

🧒🏻 Example: Making a photo sharper so you can see your hair strands clearly!

 3. Edge Enhancement

This is used to highlight the edges (boundaries) between different features on a map.

  • It helps us see where one land type ends and another begins.

  • Useful for detecting boundaries, like the edge of a forest or a building.

🧒🏻 Example: Drawing dark outlines around cartoon characters to make them stand out.


TermMeaning (Simple)Example
AggregationCombines nearby values (average, max, min)Avg test marks of nearby friends
Low Pass FilterSmooths the map, reduces noiseBlurring a photo
High Pass FilterSharpens details, highlights edgesMaking a photo clearer
Edge EnhancementHighlights boundaries between featuresOutlining shapes in a drawing


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