Water Act 1974

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974 is a significant piece of legislation in India aimed at preventing and controlling water pollution. Here are some key facts about the Act:

1. Objective: The primary objective is to prevent and control water pollution and maintain or restore the wholesomeness of water in the country.

2. Establishment of Boards:

- Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): The Act mandates the establishment of the CPCB to oversee and coordinate activities across the nation and advise the Central Government.

- State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs): Each state is required to establish its own SPCB to plan comprehensive programs for the prevention and control of pollution.

3. Powers and Functions:

- The Boards have the authority to inspect any sewage or trade effluents, works, and plants for the treatment of sewage and trade effluents.

- They can establish standards for the discharge of pollutants into water bodies and ensure adherence to these standards.

- They have the power to obtain information regarding the construction, installation, or operation of any establishment likely to discharge sewage or trade effluents.

4. Consent Mechanism: Industries and other establishments must obtain consent from the SPCB before discharging any sewage or effluent into a water body. This consent must be renewed periodically.

5. Penalties: The Act prescribes penalties for non-compliance. Violations can lead to imprisonment of up to six years and fines.

6. Jurisdiction: The Act extends to the whole of India, including Jammu and Kashmir after the revocation of Article 370 in August 2019.

7. Amendments: The Act has been amended several times to strengthen the regulatory framework and enhance penalties for non-compliance.

8. Integration with Other Laws: The Act works in conjunction with other environmental laws in India, such as the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, and the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, to create a comprehensive framework for environmental protection.

9. Public Participation: The Act encourages public participation in preventing and controlling water pollution through awareness programs and involving local communities in pollution control efforts.

10. Financial Assistance: Provisions exist for providing financial assistance to SPCBs for implementing pollution control programs and initiatives.

These provisions collectively aim to safeguard India's water resources from pollution and ensure sustainable management for future generations.

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