Air Act 1981

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981 is another crucial environmental legislation in India aimed at preventing, controlling, and abating air pollution. Here are some key facts about the Act:

1. Objective: The main objective of the Act is to provide for the prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution and to establish Boards at the Central and State levels to carry out these purposes.

2. Establishment of Boards:

- Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): This Board was initially set up under the Water Act but also functions under the Air Act to coordinate and implement air pollution control measures nationwide.

- State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs): Each state is required to establish its own SPCB to plan and execute air pollution control programs within the state.

3. Powers and Functions:

- The Boards are empowered to advise the government on air pollution control measures.

- They can set standards for emissions from industrial plants and vehicles.

- The Boards have the authority to inspect any industrial plant or manufacturing process and assess pollution control equipment.

- They can collect and disseminate information relating to air pollution.

4. Consent Mechanism: Industries must obtain consent from the SPCB to operate. This consent is necessary before the establishment or operation of any industrial plant or process that could cause air pollution.

5. Designation of Air Pollution Control Areas: The Act allows the state governments, in consultation with the SPCBs, to declare any area as an air pollution control area and prohibit the use of certain fuels or appliances.

6. Penalties: The Act prescribes penalties for non-compliance, which can include imprisonment and fines. Repeat offenses attract harsher penalties.

7. Citizen's Rights: The Act includes provisions for citizens to report violations and enables the Boards to take cognizance of complaints from the public.

8. Amendments: The Act has been amended to strengthen the regulatory framework and enhance the powers of the Boards.

9. Integration with Other Laws: The Air Act works in conjunction with the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, providing a comprehensive legal framework for environmental protection in India.

10. Vehicular Pollution Control: The Act specifically addresses pollution from automobiles and empowers the Boards to set emission standards and conduct inspections.

11. Public Awareness and Education: The Act emphasizes the importance of public awareness and education in controlling air pollution and encourages the involvement of local communities and NGOs.

12. Funding: The Act provides for the establishment of funds at both the central and state levels to support air pollution control measures and initiatives.

These provisions aim to curb air pollution and protect public health and the environment from the adverse effects of polluted air.

Comments

Geography of Landslides. Mitigation and Resilience.

A landslide is a geological event in which a mass of rock, earth, or debris moves down a slope under the force of gravity. Landslides can range in size from small to large and can be triggered by natural events such as heavy rainfall, earthquakes, or volcanic activity, or by human activities such as construction or mining. The geography of landslides is affected by a variety of factors that can increase the likelihood of landslides occurring in a particular area. These factors include slope angle and steepness, the type of soil and rock present, the climate and weather patterns of the region, the presence or absence of vegetation, and human activities such as construction, mining, and deforestation. Areas with steep slopes are more prone to landslides because gravity has a stronger effect on loose soil and rock, making it more likely to move downhill. Similarly, areas with loose, sandy soil or weak, fractured rock are more prone to landslides because they are less stable and more easil...

Geography of Flood. Types. Charector.

The geography of floods refers to the characteristics and patterns of floods in different geographic regions. Floods can occur in various landscapes, such as mountains, plains, coastal areas, and urban environments. The geography of a region plays a significant role in determining the frequency, magnitude, and impacts of floods. Some of the factors that influence the geography of floods include: Topography: The shape and elevation of the land can affect the flow and accumulation of water during a flood. For example, flat terrain can lead to slow-moving and widespread flooding, while steep slopes can result in flash floods and landslides. Climate: Regions with high rainfall or snowmelt can experience more frequent and intense floods, while dry regions may experience flash floods due to sudden, heavy rainfall. Hydrology: The characteristics of a river basin, such as its size, shape, and water flow, can influence the severity of a flood. For example, large river basins with extensive floo...

Flood prone regions India

Floods are natural disasters characterized by the overflow of water onto normally dry land. Various factors contribute to floods, including intense rainfall, rapid snowmelt, storm surges from coastal storms, and the failure of dams or levees. The geographical explanation involves understanding the key components of flood-prone regions: 1. Proximity to Water Bodies: Flood-prone regions are often situated near rivers, lakes, or coastal areas. These locations are more susceptible to flooding as they are in close proximity to large water sources that can overflow during heavy precipitation or storms. 2. Topography: Low-lying areas with gentle slopes are prone to flooding. Water naturally flows to lower elevations, and flat terrains allow water to accumulate easily. Valleys and floodplains are common flood-prone areas due to their topographical characteristics. 3. Rainfall Patterns: Regions with high and concentrated rainfall are more likely to experience flooding. Intense and prol...

Landslides. USGS

Landslides. TYPES OF LANDSLIDES The term "landslide" describes a wide variety of processes that result in the downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials including rock, soil, artificial fill, or a combination of these. The materials may move by falling, toppling, sliding, spreading, or flowing. The animated GIF shows a graphic illustration of different types of landslides, with the commonly accepted terminology describing their features. The various types of landslides can be differentiated by the kinds of material involved and the mode of movement.

Volcano

Large magma chamber Bedrock Conduit (pipe) Base Sill Dike Layers of ash emitted by the volcano Flank Layers of lava emitted by the volcano Throat Parasitic cone Lava flow Vent Crater Ash cloud

Vineesh V, Geography

Search This Blog