Skip to main content

History of GIS

1. 1832 - Early Spatial Analysis in Epidemiology:

   - Charles Picquet creates a map in Paris detailing cholera deaths per 1,000 inhabitants.

   - Utilizes halftone color gradients for visual representation.


2. 1854 - John Snow's Cholera Outbreak Analysis:

   - Epidemiologist John Snow identifies cholera outbreak source in London using spatial analysis.

   - Maps casualties' residences and nearby water sources to pinpoint the outbreak's origin.


3. Early 20th Century - Photozincography and Layered Mapping:

   - Photozincography development allows maps to be split into layers for vegetation, water, etc.

   - Introduction of layers, later a key feature in GIS, for separate printing plates.


4. Mid-20th Century - Computer Facilitation of Cartography:

   - Waldo Tobler's 1959 publication details using computers for cartography.

   - Computer hardware development, driven by nuclear weapon research, leads to broader mapping applications by early 1960s.


5. 1960 - Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS):

   - Roger Tomlinson develops the world's first operational GIS in Ottawa, Canada.

   - CGIS used for Canada Land Inventory, incorporating data on soils, agriculture, wildlife, etc.


6. 1964 - Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis:

   - Howard T. Fisher establishes the Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis at Harvard.

   - Develops influential software code and systems distributed worldwide.


7. Late 1970s to Early 1980s - Commercialization of GIS:

   - Public domain GIS systems MOSS and GRASS GIS in development.

   - Commercial vendors (M&S Computing, ESRI, Intergraph, Bentley Systems, CARIS, ERDAS) emerge with features from CGIS.


8. 1986 - Desktop GIS Emerges:

   - Mapping Display and Analysis System (MIDAS), the first desktop GIS, is released.

   - Renamed MapInfo for Windows in 1990, marking the shift from research to business.


9. Late 20th Century - Consolidation and Standardization:

   - Rapid growth in GIS systems consolidates on a few platforms by the end of the century.

   - Users begin exploring GIS data over the Internet, requiring format and transfer standards.


10. 21st Century - Integration with IT and Internet Infrastructure:

    - Integration of GIS with IT and Internet technologies like relational databases, cloud computing, SAAS, and mobile computing becomes a major trend.

    - Growing number of free, open-source GIS packages customized for specific tasks.





Comments

Popular posts from this blog

The global dimensions of disaster

Disasters are not merely natural occurrences but complex interactions between natural hazards and human vulnerabilities. To effectively address disaster risk, we must consider several interconnected dimensions: 1. Vulnerability: Definition: The susceptibility of individuals, communities, or assets to harm from a disaster. Factors: Socioeconomic conditions, geographic location, and environmental factors influence vulnerability. Example: Communities with high poverty rates and limited access to resources are more vulnerable to disaster impacts. 2. Exposure: Definition: The degree to which people, property, and infrastructure are located in hazard-prone areas. Factors: Population density, land use patterns, and infrastructure development influence exposure. Example: Coastal cities with high population density are highly exposed to hurricane and tsunami risks. 3. Capacity: Definition: A community's ability to prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters. Factors: Strong ...

Overview of Disasters in India

India's Vulnerability to Natural Disasters India's diverse geography and climate make it highly susceptible to a range of natural disasters. These events, including earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, droughts, cyclones, and landslides, can have devastating consequences for millions of people and the economy. Major Natural Disasters Affecting India: Earthquakes: Tectonic Setting: India's position on the Indian Plate, which is colliding with the Eurasian Plate, makes it prone to seismic activity. Impact: Earthquakes can cause widespread destruction, including building collapses, landslides, and tsunamis. The 2001 Gujarat earthquake is a prime example of such devastation. Tsunamis: Oceanic Triggers: Underwater earthquakes and volcanic eruptions can generate tsunamis, as seen in the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. Impact: Coastal areas are particularly vulnerable to tsunamis, which can lead to massive loss of life and property. Floods: Monsoon Influence: India's...

Water Act 1974

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974 is a significant piece of legislation in India aimed at preventing and controlling water pollution. Here are some key facts about the Act: 1. Objective: The primary objective is to prevent and control water pollution and maintain or restore the wholesomeness of water in the country. 2. Establishment of Boards:    - Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): The Act mandates the establishment of the CPCB to oversee and coordinate activities across the nation and advise the Central Government.    - State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs): Each state is required to establish its own SPCB to plan comprehensive programs for the prevention and control of pollution. 3. Powers and Functions:    - The Boards have the authority to inspect any sewage or trade effluents, works, and plants for the treatment of sewage and trade effluents.    - They can establish standards for the discharge of pollutants into water bodies and ensure adherence to...

Environment Management DRR

Environmental management plays a crucial role in disaster risk reduction (DRR) by harnessing the power of natural ecosystems to prevent and mitigate the impacts of disasters. By protecting and restoring these ecosystems, we can strengthen community resilience and promote sustainable development. Interconnections Between Environmental Management and DRR: Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR): Natural Barriers: Ecosystems like forests, wetlands, and coral reefs act as natural barriers, reducing the impact of hazards like floods, landslides, and storm surges. Resilience Building: Healthy ecosystems enhance community resilience by absorbing excess rainfall, preventing erosion, and mitigating the effects of climate change. Environmental Considerations in Disaster Planning: Sustainable Practices: Incorporating environmental considerations into disaster planning helps prevent further environmental degradation, which can exacerbate disaster impacts. Resource Conservati...

Forset management and water conservation

Forest management and water conservation are closely intertwined concepts, as forests play a crucial role in maintaining water resources. Here's an explanation of their connection: 1. Water Regulation: Forests act as natural sponges, absorbing rainwater and releasing it gradually. Trees help regulate water flow, preventing rapid runoff and reducing the risk of floods. 2. Groundwater Recharge: Trees contribute to groundwater recharge by allowing rainwater to percolate into the soil. This replenishes underground aquifers, which are important sources of freshwater. 3. Erosion Control: Forests provide vegetation cover that protects soil from erosion caused by rainfall. This, in turn, helps maintain the quality of water bodies by preventing sedimentation. 4. Streamflow Maintenance: Healthy forests ensure consistent streamflow. Trees release water through transpiration, influencing local and regional precipitation patterns and sustaining rivers and streams. 5. Biodiversity and Water Qual...