History of GIS

1. 1832 - Early Spatial Analysis in Epidemiology:

   - Charles Picquet creates a map in Paris detailing cholera deaths per 1,000 inhabitants.

   - Utilizes halftone color gradients for visual representation.

2. 1854 - John Snow's Cholera Outbreak Analysis:

   - Epidemiologist John Snow identifies cholera outbreak source in London using spatial analysis.

   - Maps casualties' residences and nearby water sources to pinpoint the outbreak's origin.

3. Early 20th Century - Photozincography and Layered Mapping:

   - Photozincography development allows maps to be split into layers for vegetation, water, etc.

   - Introduction of layers, later a key feature in GIS, for separate printing plates.

4. Mid-20th Century - Computer Facilitation of Cartography:

   - Waldo Tobler's 1959 publication details using computers for cartography.

   - Computer hardware development, driven by nuclear weapon research, leads to broader mapping applications by early 1960s.

5. 1960 - Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS):

   - Roger Tomlinson develops the world's first operational GIS in Ottawa, Canada.

   - CGIS used for Canada Land Inventory, incorporating data on soils, agriculture, wildlife, etc.

6. 1964 - Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis:

   - Howard T. Fisher establishes the Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis at Harvard.

   - Develops influential software code and systems distributed worldwide.

7. Late 1970s to Early 1980s - Commercialization of GIS:

   - Public domain GIS systems MOSS and GRASS GIS in development.

   - Commercial vendors (M&S Computing, ESRI, Intergraph, Bentley Systems, CARIS, ERDAS) emerge with features from CGIS.

8. 1986 - Desktop GIS Emerges:

   - Mapping Display and Analysis System (MIDAS), the first desktop GIS, is released.

   - Renamed MapInfo for Windows in 1990, marking the shift from research to business.

9. Late 20th Century - Consolidation and Standardization:

   - Rapid growth in GIS systems consolidates on a few platforms by the end of the century.

   - Users begin exploring GIS data over the Internet, requiring format and transfer standards.

10. 21st Century - Integration with IT and Internet Infrastructure:

    - Integration of GIS with IT and Internet technologies like relational databases, cloud computing, SAAS, and mobile computing becomes a major trend.

    - Growing number of free, open-source GIS packages customized for specific tasks.