Development and scope, Human-Ecological adaptations. Recent concepts

Development and Scope in Environmental Geography:

- Development: Environmental geography focuses on understanding the interactions between humans and their environment, emphasizing sustainable development. It examines how spatial factors influence economic, social, and environmental outcomes.

- Scope: Encompassing diverse topics such as resource management, land use planning, and climate change, the scope extends from local to global scales. Geographers analyze spatial patterns to inform policies for balanced development.

Human-Ecological Adaptations in Environmental Geography:

- Human-Ecological Adaptations: This concept explores how humans adjust to environmental challenges. It includes studying spatial strategies like migration, settlement patterns, and technological innovations to cope with and thrive in different ecological contexts.

- Spatial Dynamics: Geographers investigate how cultural, economic, and technological adaptations vary across regions, shaping distinct human-environment relationships.

Recent Concepts in Environmental Geography:

- Sustainable Development: A central theme involves understanding and promoting practices that meet current needs without compromising future generations. Geographers analyze spatial patterns to identify sustainable solutions.

- Resilience and Vulnerability: Examines how different regions cope with environmental changes. Geographers assess the resilience and vulnerability of communities to natural disasters, climate change, and other disruptions.

- Ecosystem Services: Focuses on the benefits humans derive from ecosystems, such as clean water, pollination, and climate regulation. Geographers analyze spatial patterns of these services and their implications for human well-being.

- Geospatial Technologies: Utilizing tools like Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing for spatial analysis, geographers enhance their ability to monitor, model, and manage environmental processes on various scales.

In summary, environmental geography's development and scope revolve around sustainable development, while concepts like human-ecological adaptations and recent themes such as resilience, ecosystem services, and geospatial technologies provide insights into contemporary human-environment dynamics.

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RADIOMETRIC CORRECTION

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Atmospheric Correction

It is the process of removing the influence of the atmosphere from remotely sensed images so that the data accurately represent the true reflectance of Earth's surface . When a satellite sensor captures an image, the radiation reaching the sensor is affected by gases, water vapor, aerosols, and dust in the atmosphere. These factors scatter and absorb light, changing the brightness and color of the features seen in the image. Although these atmospheric effects are part of the recorded signal, they can distort surface reflectance values , especially when images are compared across different dates or sensors . Therefore, corrections are necessary to make data consistent and physically meaningful. 🔹 Why Do We Need Atmospheric Correction? To retrieve true surface reflectance – It separates the surface signal from atmospheric influence. To ensure comparability – Enables comparing images from different times, seasons, or sensors. To improve visual quality – Remo...

Geometric Correction

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Supervised Classification

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Supervised Classification

In the context of Remote Sensing (RS) and Digital Image Processing (DIP) , supervised classification is the process where an analyst defines "training sites" (Areas of Interest or ROIs) representing known land cover classes (e.g., Water, Forest, Urban). The computer then uses these training samples to teach an algorithm how to classify the rest of the image pixels. The algorithms used to classify these pixels are generally divided into two broad categories: Parametric and Nonparametric decision rules. Parametric Decision Rules These algorithms assume that the pixel values in the training data follow a specific statistical distribution—almost always the Gaussian (Normal) distribution (the "Bell Curve"). Key Concept: They model the data using statistical parameters: the Mean vector ( $\mu$ ) and the Covariance matrix ( $\Sigma$ ) . Analogy: Imagine trying to fit a smooth hill over your data points. If a new point lands high up on the hill, it belongs to that cl...

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