Skip to main content

River Disputes. India and Neighbouring Countries

1. Indus River Dispute:

   - Issue: Disputes between India and Pakistan over the sharing of the Indus River waters.

   - Reason: Historical conflicts and the Indus Water Treaty's limitations have led to disagreements on water distribution.


2. Ganges-Brahmaputra River Basin:

   - Issue: Water-sharing disputes between India and Bangladesh.

   - Reason: Varied monsoon patterns and increasing demand for water resources contribute to conflicts over the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers.


3. Teesta River Dispute:

   - Issue: Contentious water-sharing agreement between India and Bangladesh.

   - Reason: Divergent interests and the absence of a comprehensive water-sharing treaty lead to disagreements, impacting both countries.


4. Yamuna River Pollution:

   - Issue: High pollution levels in the Yamuna River affecting both India and downstream Pakistan.

   - Reason: Urbanization, industrial discharge, and inadequate waste management contribute to water pollution.


5. Bhagirathi-Hooghly River System:

   - Issue: Changes in river flow affecting India and Bangladesh.

   - Reason: Dams and diversions alter the natural flow, impacting agriculture and ecosystems downstream.


6. Brahmaputra River and China:

   - Issue: Concerns over China's dam-building activities on the Brahmaputra River.

   - Reason: China's construction of dams upstream raises apprehensions about water flow control and its potential impact on downstream countries, including India and Bangladesh.


Origin Details:

- Indus River:

  - Originates in Tibet and flows through India and Pakistan.

  

- Ganges River:

  - Originates in the Gangotri Glacier in the Indian state of Uttarakhand.


- Brahmaputra River:

  - Originates in Tibet, where it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo, and flows through China before entering India and Bangladesh.


- Teesta River:

  - Originates in Sikkim, India, and flows through the Indian states of West Bengal and Assam before entering Bangladesh.


- Yamuna River:

  - Originates from the Yamunotri Glacier in the Himalayas and flows through several northern Indian states.


- Bhagirathi-Hooghly River:

  - Originates at the Gangotri Glacier and is a major distributary of the Ganges River.

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

Evaluation and Characteristics of Himalayas

Time Period Event / Process Geological Evidence Key Terms & Concepts Late Precambrian – Palaeozoic (>541 Ma – ~250 Ma) India part of Gondwana , north bordered by Cimmerian Superterranes, separated from Eurasia by Paleo-Tethys Ocean . Pan-African granitic intrusions (~500 Ma), unconformity between Ordovician conglomerates & Cambrian sediments. Gondwana, Paleo-Tethys Ocean, Pan-African orogeny, unconformity, granitic intrusions, Cimmerian Superterranes. Early Carboniferous – Early Permian (~359 – 272 Ma) Rifting between India & Cimmerian Superterranes → Neotethys Ocean formation. Rift-related sediments, passive margin sequences. Rifting, Neotethys Ocean, passive continental margin. Norian (210 Ma) – Callovian (160–155 Ma) Gondwana split into East & West; India part of East Gondwana with Australia & Antarctica. Rift basins, oceanic crust formation. Continental breakup, East Gondwana, West Gondwana, oceanic crust. Early Cretaceous (130–125 Ma) India broke fr...

Seismicity and Earthquakes, Isostasy and Gravity

1. Seismicity and Earthquakes in the Indian Subcontinent Key Concept: Seismicity Definition : The occurrence, frequency, and magnitude of earthquakes in a region. In India, seismicity is high due to active tectonic processes . Plate Tectonics 🌏 Indian Plate : Moves northward at about 5 cm/year. Collision with Eurasian Plate : Causes intense crustal deformation , mountain building (Himalayas), and earthquakes. This is an example of a continental-continental collision zone . Seismic Zones of India Classified into Zone II, III, IV, V (Bureau of Indian Standards, BIS). Zone V = highest hazard (e.g., Himalayas, Northeast India). Zone II = lowest hazard (e.g., parts of peninsular India). Earthquake Hazards ⚠️ Himalayas: prone to large shallow-focus earthquakes due to active thrust faulting. Northeast India: complex subduction and strike-slip faults . Examples: 1897 Shillong Earthquake (Magnitude ~8.1) 1950 Assam–Tib...

geostationary and sun-synchronous

Orbital characteristics of Remote sensing satellite geostationary and sun-synchronous  Orbits in Remote Sensing Orbit = the path a satellite follows around the Earth. The orbit determines what part of Earth the satellite can see , how often it revisits , and what applications it is good for . Remote sensing satellites mainly use two standard orbits : Geostationary Orbit (GEO) Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO)  Geostationary Satellites (GEO) Characteristics Altitude : ~35,786 km above the equator. Period : 24 hours → same as Earth's rotation. Orbit type : Circular, directly above the equator . Appears "stationary" over one fixed point on Earth. Concepts & Terminologies Geosynchronous = orbit period matches Earth's rotation (24h). Geostationary = special type of geosynchronous orbit directly above equator → looks fixed. Continuous coverage : Can monitor the same area all the time. Applications Weather...

Network data model

GIS, a network data model is used to represent and study things that are connected like a web — for example, roads, rivers, railway tracks, water pipes, or electric lines . It focuses on how things are connected and helps us solve problems like finding the best route, the nearest hospital, or where water will flow. Nodes → Points where things meet or end (e.g., road intersections, railway stations, pumping stations). Edges → Lines connecting the nodes (e.g., roads, pipelines, cables). Topology → The "rules" of connection — which node is linked to which edge. Attributes → Extra details about each part (e.g., road speed limit, pipe size, traffic volume). How It Works 🔍 Make the Network Model Start with a map of lines (roads, pipes, rivers) and mark how they connect. Run Analyses Routing → Find the shortest or fastest path. Closest Facility → Find the nearest hospital, petrol station, etc. Service Area → Find how far y...

Pre During and Post Disaster

Disaster management is a structured approach aimed at reducing risks, responding effectively, and ensuring a swift recovery from disasters. It consists of three main phases: Pre-Disaster (Mitigation & Preparedness), During Disaster (Response), and Post-Disaster (Recovery). These phases involve various strategies, policies, and actions to protect lives, property, and the environment. Below is a breakdown of each phase with key concepts, terminologies, and examples. 1. Pre-Disaster Phase (Mitigation and Preparedness) Mitigation: This phase focuses on reducing the severity of a disaster by minimizing risks and vulnerabilities. It involves structural and non-structural measures. Hazard Identification: Recognizing potential natural and human-made hazards (e.g., earthquakes, floods, industrial accidents). Risk Assessment: Evaluating the probability and consequences of disasters using GIS, remote sensing, and historical data. Vulnerability Analysis: Identifying areas and p...