Vineesh V, Geography

1. Indus River Dispute:    - Issue: Disputes between India and Pakistan over the sharing of the Indus River waters.    - Reason: Historical conflicts and the Indus Water Treaty's limitations have led to disagreements on water distribution. 2. Ganges-Brahmaputra River Basin:    - Issue: Water-sharing disputes between India and Bangladesh.    - Reason: Varied monsoon patterns and increasing demand for water resources contribute to conflicts over the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. 3. Teesta River Dispute:    - Issue: Contentious water-sharing agreement between India and Bangladesh.    - Reason: Divergent interests and the absence of a comprehensive water-sharing treaty lead to disagreements, impacting both countries. 4. Yamuna River Pollution:    - Issue: High pollution levels in the Yamuna River affecting both India and downstream Pakistan.    - Reason: Urbanization, industrial discharge, and inadequate waste management contribute to water pollution. 5. Bhagirathi-Hooghly River Syste

1. Cauvery River Dispute:    - Reason: Allocation of Cauvery River water for agricultural irrigation, particularly between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.    - Origin: Western Ghats in Karnataka. Flows through Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Puducherry. 2. Krishna River Dispute:    - Reason: Disagreements over the sharing of Krishna River water for irrigation, power generation, and other uses among Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.    - Origin: Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra. Flows through Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh. 3. Godavari River Dispute:    - Reason: Contention over the utilization and distribution of Godavari River water for various purposes, including agriculture and industry.    - Origin: Trimbak in Maharashtra. Flows through Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh. 4. Yamuna River Dispute:    - Reason: Allocation of Yamuna River water for drinking, irrigation, and other needs, with conflicts arising between Haryana, Delhi, and

The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a numerical indicator that uses the red and near-infrared spectral bands. NDVI is highly associated with vegetation content. High NDVI values correspond to areas that reflect more in the near-infrared spectrum. Higher reflectance in the near-infrared correspond to denser and healthier vegetation. Formula NDVI = (NIR – Red) / (NIR + Red) NDVI (Landsat 8) = (B5 – B4) / (B5 + B4) Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI): Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI) is modified version of NDVI to be more sensitive to the variation of chlorophyll content in the crop. " The highest correlation values with leaf N content and DM were obtained with the GNDVI index in all data acquisition periods and both experimental phases. … GNDVI was more sensible than NDVI to identify different concentration rates of chlorophyll, which is highly correlated at nitrogen, in two species of plants." (Gitelson et al. 1996) Formula

Short-Wave Infrared (7, 6 4) The short-wave infrared band combination uses SWIR-2 (7), SWIR-1 (6), and red (4). This composite displays vegetation in shades of green. While darker shades of green indicate denser vegetation, sparse vegetation has lighter shades. Urban areas are blue and soils have various shades of brown. Agriculture (6, 5, 2) This band combination uses SWIR-1 (6), near-infrared (5), and blue (2). It's commonly used for crop monitoring because of the use of short-wave and near-infrared. Healthy vegetation appears dark green. But bare earth has a magenta hue. Geology (7, 6, 2) The geology band combination uses SWIR-2 (7), SWIR-1 (6), and blue (2). This band combination is particularly useful for identifying geological formations, lithology features, and faults. Bathymetric (4, 3, 1) The bathymetric band combination (4,3,1) uses the red (4), green (3), and coastal bands to peak into water. The coastal band is useful in coastal, bathymetric, and aerosol studies because

  1. Aquifers:    - Definition: Aquifers are rocks and soils that possess both porosity and permeability.    - Porosity: Refers to the presence of open spaces (pores) within the material.    - Permeability: Indicates the ability of the material to transmit fluids (water, in this context) through those pores. 2. Aquicludes:    - Definition: Aquicludes are rocks and soils that have porosity but lack permeability.    - Porosity: They contain open spaces, but...    - Permeability: ...are not conducive to the easy movement of fluids due to the lack of interconnected pathways. 3. Aquitards:    - Definition: Aquitards have porosity, but their permeability is limited.    - Porosity: They have open spaces...    - Limited Permeability: ...yet the movement of fluids is slower or restricted compared to aquifers due to lower permeability. 4. Aquifuge:    - Definition: Aquifuge rocks and soils have neither porosity nor permeability.    - No Porosity: They lack open spaces for water to be stored...