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Web GIS. MCQ




Certainly! Here are 100 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) along with their answers on the topic of web GIS:

1. What does GIS stand for?
   a) Geographic Information System
   b) General Information System
   c) Graphical Information System
   d) Global Information System
   Answer: a

2. What is the primary purpose of web GIS?
   a) Data visualization
   b) Data analysis
   c) Data storage
   d) Data sharing
   Answer: d

3. Which technology is commonly used for web GIS?
   a) HTML
   b) Java
   c) JavaScript
   d) Python
   Answer: c

4. Which component is essential for web GIS?
   a) GPS
   b) Internet connection
   c) Satellite imagery
   d) Desktop computer
   Answer: b

5. What is a web map?
   a) A map created using web technologies
   b) A map printed from a web page
   c) A map displayed in a web browser
   d) A map downloaded from the internet
   Answer: c

6. Which programming language is commonly used for web mapping?
   a) C++
   b) PHP
   c) HTML
   d) JavaScript
   Answer: d

7. Which software is commonly used to build web GIS applications?
   a) ArcGIS
   b) AutoCAD
   c) QGIS
   d) Google Earth
   Answer: a

8. Which file format is commonly used for web mapping?
   a) CSV
   b) PDF
   c) TXT
   d) GeoJSON
   Answer: d

9. What is a basemap in web GIS?
   a) A map showing geographical features
   b) A map used as a background for other data layers
   c) A map created using aerial imagery
   d) A map created using satellite imagery
   Answer: b

10. What is geocoding in web GIS?
    a) The process of converting addresses into geographic coordinates
    b) The process of converting geographic coordinates into addresses
    c) The process of visualizing geographic data on a map
    d) The process of sharing geographic data through the internet
    Answer: a

11. What is a web feature service (WFS)?
    a) A service that provides access to geospatial data
    b) A service that provides access to satellite imagery
    c) A service that provides access to basemaps
    d) A service that provides access to geocoding services
    Answer: a

12. Which of the following is an example of a web GIS application?
    a) Google Maps
    b) Microsoft Word
    c) Adobe Photoshop
    d) Spotify
    Answer: a

13. What is a web service in the context of web GIS?
    a) A software application that provides access to geospatial data or functionality
    b) A website that allows users to download maps
    c) A social media platform for sharing geospatial data
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

14. What is a spatial query in web GIS?
    a) A query that involves spatial relationships between geographic features
    b) A query that retrieves data based on non-spatial attributes
    c) A query that retrieves data based on temporal attributes
    d) A query that retrieves data based on alphabetical order
    Answer: a

15. Which of the following is an example of a web GIS data format?
    a) Shapefile
    b) MP3
    c) Excel spreadsheet
    d) JPEG image
    Answer: a

16. Which technology allows web GIS applications to display dynamic data?
    a) AJAX
    b) FTP
    c) SMTP
    d) HTTP
    Answer: a

17. What is a geoprocessing service in web GIS?
    a) A service that performs spatial analysis operations on geospatial data
    b) A service that converts addresses into geographic coordinates
    c) A service that provides access to satellite imagery
    d) A service that allows users to create web maps
    Answer: a

18. What is a mashup in web GIS?
    a) A combination of different web services to create a new application
    b) A map created using satellite imagery
    c) A map displayed in a web browser
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

19. Which of the following is an example of a web GIS data source?
    a) OpenStreetMap
    b) Netflix
    c) Instagram
    d) Amazon
    Answer: a

20. What is a web mapping API?
    a) A set of programming instructions that allows developers to embed maps into web applications
    b) A tool for converting geospatial data into a different format
    c) A tool for publishing geospatial data on the web
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

21. What is the purpose of a legend in a web map?
    a) To provide information about the map's data layers and symbols
    b) To display the latitude and longitude coordinates
    c) To indicate the scale of the map
    d) To display the title of the map
    Answer: a

22. What is a spatial index in web GIS?
    a) An optimized data structure that improves the speed of spatial queries
    b) A tool for creating 3D visualizations of geographic data
    c) A tool for converting raster data into vector data
    d) A tool for measuring distances between geographic features
    Answer: a

23. What is a web map service (WMS)?
    a) A service that provides access to geospatial data as images
    b) A service that provides access to geocoding services
    c) A service that provides access to basemaps
    d) A service that provides access to satellite imagery
    Answer: a

24. What is a heat map in web GIS?
    a) A map that shows areas of high and low temperatures
    b) A map that shows the density of certain geographic phenomena using color gradients
    c) A map that shows the location of earthquakes
    d) A map that shows the elevation of the land surface
    Answer: b

25. What is a web GIS portal?
    a) A website that provides access to a collection of geospatial data and services
    b) A website for sharing photos with friends and family
    c) A website for streaming movies and TV shows
    d) A website for online shopping
    Answer: a

26. What is a web mapping framework?
    a) A software library that provides tools for building web mapping applications
    b) A tool for converting geographic coordinates into addresses
    c) A tool for converting geospatial data into a different format
    d) A tool for measuring distances between geographic features
    Answer: a

27. What is a geospatial web service?
    a) A service that provides access to geospatial data or functionality through the internet
    b) A service that provides access to social media platforms
   

 c) A service that provides access to basemaps
    d) A service that provides access to satellite imagery
    Answer: a

28. What is a web GIS viewer?
    a) An application that allows users to view and interact with web maps
    b) A tool for creating 3D visualizations of geographic data
    c) A tool for converting raster data into vector data
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

29. What is a geospatial database in web GIS?
    a) A database that stores geospatial data and allows for spatial queries and analysis
    b) A database that stores non-spatial data in a tabular format
    c) A database that stores images and videos
    d) A database that stores social media posts
    Answer: a

30. What is a spatial analysis in web GIS?
    a) The process of examining geographic patterns and relationships within geospatial data
    b) The process of converting addresses into geographic coordinates
    c) The process of visualizing geographic data on a map
    d) The process of sharing geographic data through the internet
    Answer: a

31. Which of the following is an example of a web mapping library?
    a) Leaflet
    b) Photoshop
    c) Excel
    d) Spotify
    Answer: a

32. What is a web GIS application programming interface (API)?
    a) A set of programming instructions that allows developers to interact with web GIS services and data
    b) A tool for converting geospatial data into a different format
    c) A tool for publishing geospatial data on the web
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

33. What is a geocoding service in web GIS?
    a) A service that converts addresses into geographic coordinates
    b) A service that converts geographic coordinates into addresses
    c) A service that provides access to basemaps
    d) A service that provides access to geospatial data
    Answer: a

34. What is a web mapping server?
    a) A server that provides geospatial data and services to web mapping applications
    b) A server that provides access to satellite imagery
    c) A server that provides access to basemaps
    d) A server that provides access to geocoding services
    Answer: a

35. What is a geospatial web portal?
    a) A website that provides access to a collection of geospatial data and services
    b) A website for social networking
    c) A website for online shopping
    d) A website for streaming movies and TV shows
    Answer: a

36. What is a web GIS client?
    a) A software application that allows users to access and interact with web GIS services
    b) A tool for creating 3D visualizations of geographic data
    c) A tool for converting raster data into vector data
    d) A tool for measuring distances between geographic features
    Answer: a

37. What is a tile map in web GIS?
    a) A map that is divided into small image tiles for efficient display and navigation
    b) A map that shows the locations of all the tiles in a web GIS application
    c) A map that displays real-time traffic information
    d) A map that displays the locations of all the web mapping servers
    Answer: a

38. What is a geospatial web application?
    a) An application that provides access to geospatial data and services through the internet
    b) An application for creating 3D visualizations of geographic data
    c) An application for converting raster data into vector data
    d) An application for measuring distances between geographic features
    Answer: a

39. What is a geospatial web server?
    a) A server that provides geospatial data and services to web GIS applications
    b) A server that provides access to social media platforms
    c) A server that provides access to basemaps
    d) A server that provides access to satellite imagery
    Answer: a

40. What is a web GIS framework?
    a) A software framework that provides tools for building web GIS applications
    b) A tool for converting geographic coordinates into addresses
    c) A tool for converting geospatial data into a different format
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

41. What is a geospatial web viewer?
    a) An application that allows users to view and interact with geospatial data through the internet
    b) A tool for creating 3D visualizations of geographic data
    c) A tool for converting raster data into vector data
    d) A tool for measuring distances between geographic features
    Answer: a

42. What is a geospatial web service interface?
    a) An interface that allows applications to access and use geospatial web services
    b) An interface that allows applications to convert addresses into geographic coordinates
    c) An interface that allows applications to convert geospatial data into a different format
    d) An interface that allows applications to measure distances between geographic features
    Answer: a

43. What is a web mapping framework?
    a) A software library that provides tools for building web mapping applications
    b) A tool for converting geospatial data into a different format
    c) A tool for publishing geospatial data on the web
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

44. What is a geospatial web service?
    a) A service that provides access to geospatial data or functionality through the internet
    b) A service that provides access to social media platforms
    c) A service that provides access to basemaps
    d) A service that provides access to satellite imagery
    Answer: a

45. What is a web GIS viewer?
    a) An application that allows users to view and interact with web maps
    b) A tool for creating 3D visualizations of geographic data
    c) A tool for converting raster data into vector data
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

46. What is a geospatial database in web GIS?
    a) A database that stores geospatial data and allows for spatial queries and analysis
    b) A database that stores non-spatial data in a tabular format
    c) A database that stores images and videos
    d) A database that stores social media posts
    Answer: a

47. What is a spatial analysis in web GIS?
    a) The process of examining geographic patterns and relationships within geospatial data
    b) The process of converting addresses into geographic coordinates
    c) The process of visualizing geographic data on a map
    d) The process of sharing geographic data through the internet
    Answer: a

48. Which of the following is an example of a web mapping library?
    a) Leaflet
    b) Photoshop
    c) Excel
    d) Spotify
    Answer: a

49. What is a web GIS application programming interface (API)?
    a) A set of programming instructions that allows

 developers to interact with web GIS services and data
    b) A tool for converting geospatial data into a different format
    c) A tool for publishing geospatial data on the web
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

50. What is a geocoding service in web GIS?
    a) A service that converts addresses into geographic coordinates
    b) A service that converts geographic coordinates into addresses
    c) A service that provides access to basemaps
    d) A service that provides access to geospatial data
    Answer: a

51. What is a web mapping server?
    a) A server that provides geospatial data and services to web mapping applications
    b) A server that provides access to satellite imagery
    c) A server that provides access to basemaps
    d) A server that provides access to geocoding services
    Answer: a

52. What is a geospatial web portal?
    a) A website that provides access to a collection of geospatial data and services
    b) A website for sharing photos with friends and family
    c) A website for streaming movies and TV shows
    d) A website for online shopping
    Answer: a

53. What is a web mapping framework?
    a) A software framework that provides tools for building web mapping applications
    b) A tool for converting geographic coordinates into addresses
    c) A tool for converting geospatial data into a different format
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

54. What is a geospatial web viewer?
    a) An application that allows users to view and interact with geospatial data through the internet
    b) A tool for creating 3D visualizations of geographic data
    c) A tool for converting raster data into vector data
    d) A tool for measuring distances between geographic features
    Answer: a

55. What is a geospatial web service interface?
    a) An interface that allows applications to access and use geospatial web services
    b) An interface that allows applications to convert addresses into geographic coordinates
    c) An interface that allows applications to convert geospatial data into a different format
    d) An interface that allows applications to measure distances between geographic features
    Answer: a

56. What is a web mapping framework?
    a) A software library that provides tools for building web mapping applications
    b) A tool for converting geospatial data into a different format
    c) A tool for publishing geospatial data on the web
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

57. What is a geospatial web service?
    a) A service that provides access to geospatial data or functionality through the internet
    b) A service that provides access to social media platforms
    c) A service that provides access to basemaps
    d) A service that provides access to satellite imagery
    Answer: a

58. What is a web GIS viewer?
    a) An application that allows users to view and interact with web maps
    b) A tool for creating 3D visualizations of geographic data
    c) A tool for converting raster data into vector data
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

59. What is a geospatial database in web GIS?
    a) A database that stores geospatial data and allows for spatial queries and analysis
    b) A database that stores non-spatial data in a tabular format
    c) A database that stores images and videos
    d) A database that stores social media posts
    Answer: a

60. What is a spatial analysis in web GIS?
    a) The process of examining geographic patterns and relationships within geospatial data
    b) The process of converting addresses into geographic coordinates
    c) The process of visualizing geographic data on a map
    d) The process of sharing geographic data through the internet
    Answer: a

61. Which of the following is an example of a web mapping library?
    a) Leaflet
    b) Photoshop
    c) Excel
    d) Spotify
    Answer: a

62. What is a web GIS application programming interface (API)?
    a) A set of programming instructions that allows developers to interact with web GIS services and data
    b) A tool for converting geospatial data into a different format
    c) A tool for publishing geospatial data on the web
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

63. What is a geocoding service in web GIS?
    a) A service that converts addresses into geographic coordinates
    b) A service that converts geographic coordinates into addresses
    c) A service that provides access to basemaps
    d) A service that provides access to geospatial data
    Answer: a

64. What is a web mapping server?
    a) A server that provides geospatial data and services to web mapping applications
    b) A server that provides access to satellite imagery
    c) A server that provides access to basemaps
    d) A server that provides access to geocoding services
    Answer: a

65. What is a geospatial web portal?
    a) A website that provides access to a collection of geospatial data and services
    b) A website for sharing photos with friends and family
    c) A website for streaming movies and TV shows
    d) A website for online shopping
    Answer: a

66. What is a web mapping framework?
    a) A software framework that provides tools for building web mapping applications
    b) A tool for converting geographic coordinates into addresses
    c) A tool for converting geospatial data into a different format
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

67. What is a geospatial web viewer?
    a) An application that allows users to view and interact with geospatial data through the internet
    b) A tool for creating 3D visualizations of geographic data
    c) A tool for converting raster data into vector data
    d) A tool for measuring distances between geographic features
    Answer: a

68. What is a geospatial web service interface?
    a) An interface that allows applications to access and use geospatial web services
    b) An interface that allows applications to convert addresses into geographic coordinates
    c) An interface that allows applications to convert geospatial data into a different format
    d) An interface that allows applications to measure distances between geographic features
    Answer: a

69. What is a web mapping framework?
    a) A software library that provides tools for building web mapping applications
    b) A tool for converting geospatial data into a different format
    c) A tool for publishing geospatial data on the web
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

70. What is a geospatial web service?
    a) A service that provides access to geospatial data or functionality through the internet
    b) A service that provides access to social

 media platforms
    c) A service that provides access to basemaps
    d) A service that provides access to satellite imagery
    Answer: a

71. What is a web GIS viewer?
    a) An application that allows users to view and interact with web maps
    b) A tool for creating 3D visualizations of geographic data
    c) A tool for converting raster data into vector data
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

72. What is a geospatial database in web GIS?
    a) A database that stores geospatial data and allows for spatial queries and analysis
    b) A database that stores non-spatial data in a tabular format
    c) A database that stores images and videos
    d) A database that stores social media posts
    Answer: a

73. What is a spatial analysis in web GIS?
    a) The process of examining geographic patterns and relationships within geospatial data
    b) The process of converting addresses into geographic coordinates
    c) The process of visualizing geographic data on a map
    d) The process of sharing geographic data through the internet
    Answer: a

74. Which of the following is an example of a web mapping library?
    a) Leaflet
    b) Photoshop
    c) Excel
    d) Spotify
    Answer: a

75. What is a web GIS application programming interface (API)?
    a) A set of programming instructions that allows developers to interact with web GIS services and data
    b) A tool for converting geospatial data into a different format
    c) A tool for publishing geospatial data on the web
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

76. What is a geocoding service in web GIS?
    a) A service that converts addresses into geographic coordinates
    b) A service that converts geographic coordinates into addresses
    c) A service that provides access to basemaps
    d) A service that provides access to geospatial data
    Answer: a

77. What is a web mapping server?
    a) A server that provides geospatial data and services to web mapping applications
    b) A server that provides access to satellite imagery
    c) A server that provides access to basemaps
    d) A server that provides access to geocoding services
    Answer: a

78. What is a geospatial web portal?
    a) A website that provides access to a collection of geospatial data and services
    b) A website for sharing photos with friends and family
    c) A website for streaming movies and TV shows
    d) A website for online shopping
    Answer: a

79. What is a web mapping framework?
    a) A software framework that provides tools for building web mapping applications
    b) A tool for converting geographic coordinates into addresses
    c) A tool for converting geospatial data into a different format
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

80. What is a geospatial web viewer?
    a) An application that allows users to view and interact with geospatial data through the internet
    b) A tool for creating 3D visualizations of geographic data
    c) A tool for converting raster data into vector data
    d) A tool for measuring distances between geographic features
    Answer: a

81. What is a geospatial web service interface?
    a) An interface that allows applications to access and use geospatial web services
    b) An interface that allows applications to convert addresses into geographic coordinates
    c) An interface that allows applications to convert geospatial data into a different format
    d) An interface that allows applications to measure distances between geographic features
    Answer: a

82. What is a web mapping framework?
    a) A software library that provides tools for building web mapping applications
    b) A tool for converting geospatial data into a different format
    c) A tool for publishing geospatial data on the web
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

83. What is a geospatial web service?
    a) A service that provides access to geospatial data or functionality through the internet
    b) A service that provides access to social media platforms
    c) A service that provides access to basemaps
    d) A service that provides access to satellite imagery
    Answer: a

84. What is a web GIS viewer?
    a) An application that allows users to view and interact with web maps
    b) A tool for creating 3D visualizations of geographic data
    c) A tool for converting raster data into vector data
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

85. What is a geospatial database in web GIS?
    a) A database that stores geospatial data and allows for spatial queries and analysis
    b) A database that stores non-spatial data in a tabular format
    c) A database that stores images and videos
    d) A database that stores social media posts
    Answer: a

86. What is a spatial analysis in web GIS?
    a) The process of examining geographic patterns and relationships within geospatial data
    b) The process of converting addresses into geographic coordinates
    c) The process of visualizing geographic data on a map
    d) The process of sharing geographic data through the internet
    Answer: a

87. Which of the following is an example of a web mapping library?
    a) Leaflet
    b) Photoshop
    c) Excel
    d) Spotify
    Answer: a

88. What is a web GIS application programming interface (API)?
    a) A set of programming instructions that allows developers to interact with web GIS services and data
    b) A tool for converting geospatial data into a different format
    c) A tool for publishing geospatial data on the web
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

89. What is a geocoding service in web GIS?
    a) A service that converts addresses into geographic coordinates
    b) A service that converts geographic coordinates into addresses
    c) A service that provides access to basemaps
    d) A service that provides access to geospatial data
    Answer: a

90. What is a web mapping server?
    a) A server that provides geospatial data and services to web mapping applications
    b) A server that provides access to satellite imagery
    c) A server that provides access to basemaps
    d) A server that provides access to geocoding services
    Answer: a

91. What is a geospatial web portal?
    a) A website that provides access to a collection of geospatial data and services
    b) A website for sharing photos with friends and family
    c) A website for streaming movies and TV shows
    d) A website for online shopping
    Answer: a

92. What is a web mapping framework?
    a) A software framework that provides tools for building web mapping applications
    b)

 A tool for converting geographic coordinates into addresses
    c) A tool for converting geospatial data into a different format
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

93. What is a geospatial web viewer?
    a) An application that allows users to view and interact with geospatial data through the internet
    b) A tool for creating 3D visualizations of geographic data
    c) A tool for converting raster data into vector data
    d) A tool for measuring distances between geographic features
    Answer: a

94. What is a geospatial web service interface?
    a) An interface that allows applications to access and use geospatial web services
    b) An interface that allows applications to convert addresses into geographic coordinates
    c) An interface that allows applications to convert geospatial data into a different format
    d) An interface that allows applications to measure distances between geographic features
    Answer: a

95. What is a web mapping framework?
    a) A software library that provides tools for building web mapping applications
    b) A tool for converting geospatial data into a different format
    c) A tool for publishing geospatial data on the web
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

96. What is a geospatial web service?
    a) A service that provides access to geospatial data or functionality through the internet
    b) A service that provides access to social media platforms
    c) A service that provides access to basemaps
    d) A service that provides access to satellite imagery
    Answer: a

97. What is a web GIS viewer?
    a) An application that allows users to view and interact with web maps
    b) A tool for creating 3D visualizations of geographic data
    c) A tool for converting raster data into vector data
    d) A tool for analyzing geospatial data
    Answer: a

98. What is a geospatial database in web GIS?
    a) A database that stores geospatial data and allows for spatial queries and analysis
    b) A database that stores non-spatial data in a tabular format
    c) A database that stores images and videos
    d) A database that stores social media posts
    Answer: a

99. What is a spatial analysis in web GIS?
    a) The process of examining geographic patterns and relationships within geospatial data
    b) The process of converting addresses into geographic coordinates
    c) The process of visualizing geographic data on a map
    d) The process of sharing geographic data through the internet
    Answer: a

100. Which of the following is an example of a web mapping library?
     a) Leaflet
     b) Photoshop
     c) Excel
     d) Spotify
     Answer: a



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Accuracy assessment is the process of checking how correct your classified satellite image is . 👉 After supervised classification, the satellite image is divided into classes like: Water Forest Agriculture Built-up land Barren land But classification is done using computer algorithms, so some areas may be wrongly classified . 👉 Accuracy assessment helps to answer this question: ✔ "How much of my classified map is correct compared to real ground conditions?"  Goal The main goal is to: Measure reliability of classified maps Identify classification errors Improve classification results Provide scientific validity to research 👉 Without accuracy assessment, a classified map is not considered scientifically reliable . Reference Data (Ground Truth Data) Reference data is real-world information used to check classification accuracy. It can be collected from: ✔ Field survey using GPS ✔ High-resolution satellite images (Google Earth etc.) ✔ Existing maps or survey reports 🧭 Exampl...
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History of GIS

1. 1832 - Early Spatial Analysis in Epidemiology:    - Charles Picquet creates a map in Paris detailing cholera deaths per 1,000 inhabitants.    - Utilizes halftone color gradients for visual representation. 2. 1854 - John Snow's Cholera Outbreak Analysis:    - Epidemiologist John Snow identifies cholera outbreak source in London using spatial analysis.    - Maps casualties' residences and nearby water sources to pinpoint the outbreak's origin. 3. Early 20th Century - Photozincography and Layered Mapping:    - Photozincography development allows maps to be split into layers for vegetation, water, etc.    - Introduction of layers, later a key feature in GIS, for separate printing plates. 4. Mid-20th Century - Computer Facilitation of Cartography:    - Waldo Tobler's 1959 publication details using computers for cartography.    - Computer hardware development, driven by nuclear weapon research, leads to broader mapping applications by early 1960s. 5. 1960 - Canada Geograph...
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Supervised Classification

Image Classification in Remote Sensing Image classification in remote sensing involves categorizing pixels in an image into thematic classes to produce a map. This process is essential for land use and land cover mapping, environmental studies, and resource management. The two primary methods for classification are Supervised and Unsupervised Classification . Here's a breakdown of these methods and the key stages of image classification. 1. Types of Classification Supervised Classification In supervised classification, the analyst manually defines classes of interest (known as information classes ), such as "water," "urban," or "vegetation," and identifies training areas —sections of the image that are representative of these classes. Using these training areas, the algorithm learns the spectral characteristics of each class and applies them to classify the entire image. When to Use Supervised Classification:   - You have prior knowledge about the c...
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Development and scope of Environmental Geography and Recent concepts in environmental Geography

Environmental Geography studies the relationship between humans and nature in a spatial (place-based) way. It combines Physical Geography (natural processes) and Human Geography (human activities). A. Early Stage 🔹 Environmental Determinism Concept: Nature controls human life. Meaning: Climate, landforms, and soil decide how people live. Example: People in deserts (like Sahara Desert) live differently from people in fertile river valleys. 🔹 Possibilism Concept: Humans can modify nature. Meaning: Environment gives options, but humans make choices. Example: In dry areas like Rajasthan, people use irrigation to grow crops. 👉 In this stage, geography was mostly descriptive (explaining what exists). B. Evolution Stage (Mid-20th Century) Environmental problems increased due to: Industrialization Urbanization Deforestation Pollution Geographers started studying: Environmental degradation Resource management Human impact on ecosystems The field became analytical and problem-solving...
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GIS: Real World and Representations - Modeling and Maps

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) serve as a bridge between the real world and digital representations of geographic phenomena. These representations allow users to store, analyze, and visualize spatial data for informed decision-making. Two key aspects of GIS in this context are modeling and maps , both of which are used to represent real-world geographic features and phenomena in a structured, analyzable format. Let's delve into these concepts, terminologies, and examples in detail. 1. Real World and Representations in GIS Concept: The real world comprises physical, tangible phenomena, such as landforms, rivers, cities, and infrastructure, as well as more abstract elements like weather patterns, population densities, and traffic flow. GIS allows us to represent these real-world phenomena digitally, enabling spatial analysis, decision-making, and visualization. The representation of the real world in GIS is achieved through various models and maps , which simplify...
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