UGC NET Geography UPSC

Indus and Brahmaputra are examples of—

(A) Subsequent drainage

(B) Superimposed drainage

(D) Consequent drainage

The correct answer is (C) Antecedent drainage.

Let's explain all the options:

(A) Subsequent drainage: Subsequent drainage refers to a river system that develops and follows the slope of the land that has been formed by tectonic forces or other geomorphic processes. It occurs after the formation of the land and is not related to the initial development of the landscape. It is not applicable to the Indus and Brahmaputra rivers.

(B) Superimposed drainage: Superimposed drainage occurs when a river cuts through existing rock structures and maintains its course regardless of the underlying geological features. This type of drainage develops over previously formed landscapes and is often influenced by erosion-resistant rock layers. It is not applicable to the Indus and Brahmaputra rivers.

(C) Antecedent drainage: Antecedent drainage occurs when a river system develops in a region before the surrounding landmass undergoes uplift or tectonic changes. The river maintains its course despite the subsequent changes in the landscape caused by geological forces. This is the correct option for the Indus and Brahmaputra rivers. These rivers existed before the Himalayan mountain range was uplifted and have maintained their courses by eroding through the rising mountains.

(D) Consequent drainage: Consequent drainage develops in response to the existing topography or landform patterns. It occurs as a result of the initial structure and relief of the area. This option is not applicable to the Indus and Brahmaputra rivers because their courses were established before the formation of the Himalayas.

Therefore, the correct answer is (C) Antecedent drainage, as the Indus and Brahmaputra rivers existed before the formation of the Himalayas and have maintained their courses by eroding through the rising mountains.

Comments

History of Geography.

Chronological sequence and categorized by era and region. I. Introduction & Etymology • Etymology : The term "Geography" derives from the Greek γεωγραφία (geographia) , meaning "Earth-writing" (description or writing about the Earth). • First Use : Eratosthenes (276–194 BC) was the first person to use the word. • Pre-Term Practices : Recognizable geographic practices like cartography (map-making) existed prior to the coining of the term. II. Antiquity & Ancient Civilizations 1. Ancient Egypt (Pre-Classical) • Cosmology : Ancient Egyptians viewed the Nile as the center of the world, with existence based upon "the" river. • Geographical Knowledge : • Oases : Known to the east and west, considered locations of various gods (e.g., Siwa for the god Amon ). • Kushitic Region : Lay to the south, known as far as the 4th cataract . • Punt : A region located south a...

Kuhn’s Paradigms

The given content explains Thomas S. Kuhn’s model of scientific development , its application to geography, and criticisms by Karl Popper, Paul Feyerabend, Michel Foucault , and others. 1. Basic Idea Kuhn argued that science does not develop continuously in a straight line . Instead, scientific development occurs through: Preparadigm → Paradigm → Normal Science → Crisis → Scientific Revolution → New Paradigm A new paradigm may replace an older one, producing a major change in the way scientists understand and study a subject. Concepts and Terminologies Concept / Term Simple Meaning Paradigm A commonly accepted framework/model that guides scientific research Exemplar A successful concrete problem-solution used as a model for future research Disciplinary Matrix Shared beliefs, values, concepts, methods and techniques of a scientific community Preparadig...

Models and Theories in Geography

Geographical Models A model is a simplified representation of reality used to describe, explain, simulate, and predict geographical phenomena. Types Physical (Iconic) Models – Three-dimensional representations (e.g., globe, relief model). Conceptual Models – Diagrams or frameworks explaining geographical relationships. Mathematical (Quantitative) Models – Equations and statistical models for spatial analysis and prediction. Simulation Models – Computer-based models that simulate geographical processes (e.g., climate, flood, urban growth). Major Geographical Models Model Scholar Year Concept Johann Heinrich von Thünen Agricultural Land Use Model 1826 Land use varies with distance from the market. Walter Christaller Central Place Model 1933 Distribution of settlements and services. Ernest Burgess Concentric Zone M...

Building Topology in GIS, Data Query in GIS, Geoprocessing and Automation in GIS

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is more than a digital mapping tool. It is a comprehensive system for capturing, storing, managing, analysing, querying, and visualising spatial (geographic) and non-spatial (attribute) data . To maintain accurate spatial data and perform advanced analyses, GIS relies on three important concepts: Building Topology Data Query Geoprocessing and Automation These concepts ensure data integrity, efficient data retrieval, and automated spatial analysis , making GIS an indispensable tool in geography, environmental science, urban planning, disaster management, transportation, agriculture, and resource management. 1. Building Topology in GIS Topology is the mathematical and logical framework that defines the spatial relationships between geographic features such as points, lines, and polygons. It ensures that spatial data maintain correct geometric relationships even after editing or analysis. Simple Definiti...

SPACE → PLACE → ENVIRONMENT → INTERCONNECTION → SUSTAINABILITY → SCALE → CHANGE → LANDSCAPES

SPACE → PLACE → ENVIRONMENT → INTERCONNECTION → SUSTAINABILITY → SCALE → CHANGE → LANDSCAPES This sequence explains how geographers think: Where things are ( Space ), What makes locations unique ( Place ), What surrounds them ( Environment ), How they are connected ( Interconnection ), How they can be protected ( Sustainability ), At what level they are studied ( Scale ), How they change over time ( Change ), And how nature and humans shape the Earth's surface ( Natural and Cultural Landscapes ) Geographical Concept Major Contributor(s) Contribution Space Immanuel Kant, Fred K. Schaefer, David Harvey Kant viewed geography as the science of space. Schaefer emphasized spatial science, while Harvey explained spatial organization and spatial justice. Place Yi-Fu Tuan, Edward Relph De...

Vineesh V, Geography

Search This Blog