UN and Multinational authorities for Environment Conservation

There are several multinational authorities and organizations that focus on environmental issues and work towards promoting sustainable development, protecting ecosystems, and addressing climate change. Here are some prominent examples:

1. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): UNEP is a specialized agency of the United Nations that coordinates international environmental activities and assists developing countries in implementing sound environmental policies. It provides guidance, conducts research, and facilitates cooperation among nations to tackle environmental challenges.

2. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): The IPCC is a scientific body established by the United Nations and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of climate change, its impacts, and potential response strategies.

3. World Health Organization (WHO): Although primarily focused on public health, the WHO plays a vital role in addressing environmental health issues. It monitors and assesses environmental risks, promotes policies for sustainable development, and advocates for measures to mitigate environmental hazards.

4. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): The UNFCCC is an international treaty established to combat climate change. It serves as a platform for nations to negotiate and implement agreements on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, adapting to climate change impacts, and providing financial and technical support to developing countries.

5. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN): The IUCN is a global organization dedicated to nature conservation and sustainable development. It assesses the conservation status of species, promotes protected areas, and advises on environmental policies and practices.

6. World Wildlife Fund (WWF): The WWF is an international conservation organization that works to protect the world's most vulnerable ecosystems and species. It engages in field projects, conducts research, and advocates for policies that promote sustainable development and reduce environmental degradation.

7. Green Climate Fund (GCF): The GCF is a financial mechanism established under the UNFCCC to support developing countries in their efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change. It provides financial assistance for projects that promote low-emission and climate-resilient development.

8. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD): The CBD is an international treaty aimed at conserving biodiversity, promoting sustainable use of biological resources, and ensuring equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources. It sets goals and targets for biodiversity conservation and facilitates cooperation among nations.

These multinational authorities and organizations play critical roles in addressing global environmental challenges, providing scientific expertise, promoting international cooperation, and facilitating the implementation of policies and actions to protect the environment and ensure a sustainable future.

Comments

Photogrammetry – Types of Photographs

In photogrammetry, aerial photographs are categorized based on camera orientation , coverage , and spectral sensitivity . Below is a breakdown of the major types: 1️⃣ Based on Camera Axis Orientation Type Description Key Feature Vertical Photo Taken with the camera axis pointing directly downward (within 3° of vertical). Used for maps and measurements Oblique Photo Taken with the camera axis tilted away from vertical. Covers more area but with distortions Low Oblique: Horizon not visible High Oblique: Horizon visible 2️⃣ Based on Number of Photos Taken Type Description Single Photo One image taken of an area Stereoscopic Pair Two overlapping photos for 3D viewing and depth analysis Strip or Mosaic Series of overlapping photos covering a long area, useful in mapping large regions 3️⃣ Based on Spectral Sensitivity Type Description Application Panchromatic Captures images in black and white General mapping Infrared (IR) Sensitive to infrared radiation Veget...

Photogrammetry – Geometry of a Vertical Photograph

Photogrammetry is the science of making measurements from photographs, especially for mapping and surveying. When the camera axis is perpendicular (vertical) to the ground, the photo is called a vertical photograph , and its geometry is central to accurate mapping. Elements of Vertical Photo Geometry In a vertical aerial photograph , the geometry is governed by the central projection principle. Here's how it works: 1. Principal Point (P) The point on the photo where the optical axis of the camera intersects the photo plane. It's the geometric center of the photo. 2. Nadir Point (N) The point on the ground directly below the camera at the time of exposure. Ideally, in a perfect vertical photo, the nadir and principal point coincide. 3. Photo Center (C) Usually coincides with the principal point in a vertical photo. 4. Ground Coordinates (X, Y, Z) Real-world (map) coordinates of objects photographed. 5. Flying Height (H) He...

Raster Data Structure

Raster Data Raster data is like a digital photo made up of small squares called cells or pixels . Each cell shows something about that spot — like how high it is (elevation), how hot it is (temperature), or what kind of land it is (forest, water, etc.). Think of it like a graph paper where each box is colored to show what's there. Key Points What's in the cell? Each cell stores information — for example, "water" or "forest." Where is the cell? The cell's location comes from its place in the grid (like row 3, column 5). We don't need to store its exact coordinates. How Do We Decide a Cell's Value? Sometimes, one cell covers more than one thing (like part forest and part water). To choose one value , we can: Center Point: Use whatever feature is in the middle. Most Area: Use the feature that takes up the most space in the cell. Most Important: Use the most important feature (like a road or well), even if it...

Photogrammetry

Photogrammetry is the science of taking measurements from photographs —especially to create maps, models, or 3D images of objects, land, or buildings. Imagine you take two pictures of a mountain from slightly different angles. Photogrammetry uses those photos to figure out the shape, size, and position of the mountain—just like our eyes do when we see in 3D! Concepts and Terminologies 1. Photograph A picture captured by a camera , either from the ground (terrestrial) or from above (aerial or drone). 2. Stereo Pair Two overlapping photos taken from different angles. When seen together, they help create a 3D effect —just like how two human eyes work. 3. Overlap To get a 3D model, photos must overlap each other: Forward overlap : Between two photos in a flight line (usually 60–70%) Side overlap : Between adjacent flight lines (usually 30–40%) 4. Scale The ratio of the photo size to real-world size. Example: A 1:10,000 scale photo means 1 cm on the photo...

Logical Data Model in GIS

In GIS, a logical data model defines how data is structured and interrelated—independent of how it is physically stored or implemented. It serves as a blueprint for designing databases, focusing on the organization of entities, their attributes, and relationships, without tying them to a specific database technology. Key Features Abstraction : The logical model operates at an abstract level, emphasizing the conceptual structure of data rather than the technical details of storage or implementation. Entity-Attribute Relationships : It identifies key entities (objects or concepts) and their attributes (properties), as well as the logical relationships between them. Business Rules : Business logic is embedded in the model to enforce rules, constraints, and conditions that ensure data consistency and accuracy. Technology Independence : The logical model is platform-agnostic—it is not tied to any specific database system or storage format. Visual Representat...

Vineesh V, Geography

Search This Blog