UN and Multinational agreements for Environment Conservation

There are several multinational agreements and treaties that focus on environmental issues and seek to promote global cooperation and action. Here are some important ones:

1. Paris Agreement: The Paris Agreement is an international treaty under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It was adopted in 2015 and aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The agreement sets out commitments for countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, adapt to the impacts of climate change, and provide financial and technological support to developing nations.

2. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer: The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer. It was adopted in 1987 and has been ratified by nearly all countries. The agreement aims to phase out the production and use of substances that deplete the ozone layer, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). It has been successful in reducing the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances and has contributed to the healing of the ozone layer.

3. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES): CITES is an international agreement that regulates the trade in endangered species. It was adopted in 1975 and currently has 183 member countries. CITES controls the international trade of certain plants and animals to ensure their survival and prevent overexploitation. It regulates the trade through a system of permits and certificates, aiming to protect species threatened by illegal wildlife trade.

4. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal: The Basel Convention is a global treaty that addresses the control and management of hazardous wastes. It aims to minimize the generation of hazardous wastes, promote their environmentally sound management, and regulate their transboundary movement. The convention promotes the principles of environmentally sound disposal, recycling, and minimization of hazardous waste generation.

5. Ramsar Convention on Wetlands: The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. It was adopted in 1971 and has 171 member countries. The convention promotes the conservation of wetlands and their resources, recognizing their critical ecological functions and importance for biodiversity. It encourages the wise use of wetlands and designates sites of international importance as Ramsar Sites.

6. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD): The CBD is an international treaty adopted in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Earth Summit. It aims to conserve biodiversity, promote sustainable use of biological resources, and ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources. The CBD sets goals and targets for biodiversity conservation and encourages countries to develop national strategies and action plans.

These multinational agreements provide frameworks for countries to cooperate, set common goals, and take collective action to address pressing environmental issues. By promoting international collaboration, these agreements help foster global environmental stewardship and contribute to the protection and sustainable management of our planet.

Comments

Groundwater – Porosity and Permeability

Groundwater refers to the water that resides beneath the Earth's surface in the pores and crevices of rock, sediment, and soil. Two key properties that influence the movement and storage of groundwater are porosity and permeability: 1. Porosity: - Definition: Porosity refers to the volume percentage of void spaces (pores or openings) in a geological material, such as soil or rock. - Role: Porosity determines how much water a subsurface material can hold. It is a measure of the material's capacity to store water. - Factors: Porosity is influenced by the size and arrangement of particles within the material. Highly porous materials have more void spaces, while less porous materials have fewer. - Units: Porosity is expressed as a percentage, with 0% indicating complete solidity (no pore spaces) and 100% indicating complete void space. 2. Permeability: - Definition: Permeability refers to the ability of a geological material to transmit fluids, such as water. It meas

Ground Water

Groundwater Terminology, Concepts, and Facts Key Terms Aquifer: A geological formation that can store and transmit significant quantities of water. Water Table: The upper surface of the saturated zone in an aquifer. Recharge: The process of replenishing groundwater through precipitation or other sources. Discharge: The process of groundwater flowing out of an aquifer, typically into surface water bodies or through wells. Hydraulic Gradient: The slope of the water table. Darcy's Law: A law that describes the flow of groundwater through porous media. Permeability: The ability of a material to transmit water. Porosity: The amount of void space in a material. Concepts Groundwater Flow: Groundwater moves from areas of higher hydraulic head to areas of lower hydraulic head. Groundwater Contamination: The introduction of pollutants into groundwater. Groundwater Depletion: The excessive extraction of groundwater, leading to a decline in water table levels. Saltwater Intrusion:

Artisan Wells Basins

Artisan Wells and Basins Artesian wells are a type of well that harnesses the natural pressure of water trapped underground to force water to the surface without pumping. This phenomenon occurs in specific geological formations known as artesian basins . Key Terminologies and Concepts Aquifer: A geological formation that can store and transmit water. It is typically made up of porous rocks or sediments like sandstone or gravel. Confined Aquifer: An aquifer that is sandwiched between two impermeable layers (like clay or shale) that prevent water from escaping. Artesian Basin: A geological structure where a confined aquifer is tilted and has a recharge area at a higher elevation than the discharge area. This creates a pressure gradient that forces water to flow upwards. Potentiometric Surface: The theoretical level to which water would rise in a well drilled into an artesian aquifer if there were no restrictions. It is determined by the pressure head in the aquifer. Flowing Artesian

Watershed. Catchment. Basin

A watershed, also known as a river basin or drainage basin, is a fundamental concept in geohydrology and hydrology. It refers to a specific geographic area or region of land where all the surface water, including rainfall, snowmelt, and runoff, drains into a common outlet, such as a river, lake, or ocean. Here's an explanation of each term: 1. Watershed: A watershed is essentially a natural hydrological unit defined by the topography of the land. It represents the entire area from which all precipitation and surface water flow eventually gathers at a single point. This point is typically where the main river or stream within the watershed exits into a larger body of water, such as an ocean. Watersheds come in various sizes, from small ones that encompass a few square miles to enormous ones that cover entire continents. 2. River/Drainage Basin: A river basin or drainage basin is another way to describe a watershed. It's the land area that collects and channels water into a river

Discrete Detectors and Scanning mirrors Across the track scanner Whisk broom scanner.

Multispectral Imaging Using Discrete Detectors and Scanning Mirrors (Across-Track Scanner or Whisk Broom Scanner) Multispectral Imaging: This technique involves capturing images of the Earth's surface using multiple sensors that are sensitive to different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. This allows for the identification of various features and materials based on their spectral signatures. Discrete Detectors: These are individual sensors that are arranged in a linear or array configuration. Each detector is responsible for measuring the radiation within a specific wavelength band. Scanning Mirrors: These are optical components that are used to deflect the incoming radiation onto the discrete detectors. By moving the mirrors, the sensor can scan across the scene, capturing data from different points. Across-Track Scanner or Whisk Broom Scanner: This refers to the scanning mechanism where the mirror moves perpendicular to the direction of flight. This allows for t

Vineesh V, Geography

Search This Blog