National Green Tribunal and NGT act

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) is a specialized judicial body established in India under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010. It was formed to handle cases related to environmental protection, conservation of natural resources, and the enforcement of environmental laws in the country. The NGT aims to provide an effective and expeditious legal mechanism to address environmental disputes and promote sustainable development.

Key features of the National Green Tribunal and the NGT Act are as follows:

1. Establishment and Composition:

The NGT was established on October 18, 2010, following the passing of the National Green Tribunal Act by the Parliament of India. The tribunal consists of both judicial and expert members. The chairperson of the NGT is a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India or a High Court, and the other members include judicial and expert members with knowledge and experience in environmental matters.

2. Jurisdiction:

The NGT has jurisdiction over a wide range of environmental matters. It hears cases and adjudicates on issues related to the enforcement of environmental laws, including violations of pollution control measures, forest conservation, biodiversity, water and air pollution, industrial and developmental projects, and other environmental disputes.

3. Powers and Functions:

The NGT has been granted extensive powers to carry out its functions effectively. Some key powers and functions of the NGT include:

- Adjudication: The NGT has the authority to hear and decide cases related to environmental violations and disputes. It has the same powers as a civil court, including the power to summon and enforce the attendance of witnesses, examine them on oath, and compel the discovery and production of documents.

- Relief and Compensation: The NGT can provide appropriate relief and compensation to the affected parties in cases of environmental damage or pollution.

- Review and Appeals: The NGT's decisions can be challenged through review petitions before the tribunal itself or through appeals to the Supreme Court of India.

4. Powers to Issue Directions:

The NGT can issue various directions and orders to enforce environmental laws and protect the environment. It has the authority to issue interim orders, restraining orders, and directives to halt or modify activities causing environmental harm.

5. Appellate Authority:

The NGT Act also establishes the National Green Tribunal Appellate Authority (NGTAA). The NGTAA hears appeals against orders or decisions of environmental regulators and authorities issued under environmental laws.

The National Green Tribunal has been instrumental in providing a specialized forum for addressing environmental disputes in India and expediting the resolution of environmental issues. Its establishment and functioning have helped enhance environmental governance, promote sustainable development, and protect and preserve the country's natural resources.

Please note that while the information provided here is accurate to the best of my knowledge up to September 2021, it's always recommended to refer to the official sources and the latest amendments to the NGT Act for the most up-to-date and accurate information.

Comments

Platforms in Remote Sensing

In remote sensing, a platform is the physical structure or vehicle that carries a sensor (camera, scanner, radar, etc.) to observe and collect information about the Earth's surface. Platforms are classified mainly by their altitude and mobility : Ground-Based Platforms Definition : Sensors mounted on the Earth's surface or very close to it. Examples : Tripods, towers, ground vehicles, handheld instruments. Applications : Calibration and validation of satellite data Detailed local studies (e.g., soil properties, vegetation health, air quality) Strength : High spatial detail but limited coverage. Airborne Platforms Definition : Sensors carried by aircraft, balloons, or drones (UAVs). Altitude : A few hundred meters to ~20 km. Examples : Airplanes with multispectral scanners UAVs with high-resolution cameras or LiDAR High-altitude balloons (stratospheric platforms) Applications : Local-to-regional mapping ...

Types of Remote Sensing

Remote Sensing means collecting information about the Earth's surface without touching it , usually using satellites, aircraft, or drones . There are different types of remote sensing based on the energy source and the wavelength region used. 🛰️ 1. Active Remote Sensing 📘 Concept: In active remote sensing , the sensor sends out its own energy (like a signal or pulse) to the Earth's surface. The sensor then records the reflected or backscattered energy that comes back from the surface. ⚙️ Key Terminology: Transmitter: sends energy (like a radar pulse or laser beam). Receiver: detects the energy that bounces back. Backscatter: energy that is reflected back to the sensor. 📊 Examples of Active Sensors: RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging): Uses microwave signals to detect surface roughness, soil moisture, or ocean waves. LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging): Uses laser light (near-infrared) to measure elevation, vegetation...

Resolution of Sensors in Remote Sensing

Spatial Resolution 🗺️ Definition : The smallest size of an object on the ground that a sensor can detect. Measured as : The size of a pixel on the ground (in meters). Example : Landsat → 30 m (each pixel = 30 × 30 m on Earth). WorldView-3 → 0.31 m (very detailed, you can see cars). Fact : Higher spatial resolution = finer details, but smaller coverage. Spectral Resolution 🌈 Definition : The ability of a sensor to capture information in different parts (bands) of the electromagnetic spectrum . Measured as : The number and width of spectral bands. Types : Panchromatic (1 broad band, e.g., black & white image). Multispectral (several broad bands, e.g., Landsat with 7–13 bands). Hyperspectral (hundreds of very narrow bands, e.g., AVIRIS). Fact : Higher spectral resolution = better identification of materials (e.g., minerals, vegetation types). Radiometric Resolution 📊 Definition : The ability of a sensor to ...

geostationary and sun-synchronous

Orbital characteristics of Remote sensing satellite geostationary and sun-synchronous Orbits in Remote Sensing Orbit = the path a satellite follows around the Earth. The orbit determines what part of Earth the satellite can see , how often it revisits , and what applications it is good for . Remote sensing satellites mainly use two standard orbits : Geostationary Orbit (GEO) Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO) Geostationary Satellites (GEO) Characteristics Altitude : ~35,786 km above the equator. Period : 24 hours → same as Earth's rotation. Orbit type : Circular, directly above the equator . Appears "stationary" over one fixed point on Earth. Concepts & Terminologies Geosynchronous = orbit period matches Earth's rotation (24h). Geostationary = special type of geosynchronous orbit directly above equator → looks fixed. Continuous coverage : Can monitor the same area all the time. Applications Weather...

Man-Made Disasters

A man-made disaster (also called a technological disaster or anthropogenic disaster ) is a catastrophic event caused directly or indirectly by human actions , rather than natural processes. These disasters arise due to negligence, error, industrial activity, conflict, or misuse of technology , and often result in loss of life, property damage, and environmental degradation . Terminology: Anthropogenic = originating from human activity. Technological hazard = hazard caused by failure or misuse of technology or industry. 🔹 Conceptual Understanding Man-made disasters are part of the Disaster Management Cycle , which includes: Prevention – avoiding unsafe practices. Mitigation – reducing disaster impact (e.g., safety regulations). Preparedness – training and planning. Response – emergency actions after the disaster. Recovery – long-term rebuilding and policy correction. These disasters are predictable and preventable through strong...

Vineesh V, Geography

Search This Blog