National Green Tribunal and NGT act

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) is a specialized judicial body established in India under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010. It was formed to handle cases related to environmental protection, conservation of natural resources, and the enforcement of environmental laws in the country. The NGT aims to provide an effective and expeditious legal mechanism to address environmental disputes and promote sustainable development.

Key features of the National Green Tribunal and the NGT Act are as follows:

1. Establishment and Composition:

The NGT was established on October 18, 2010, following the passing of the National Green Tribunal Act by the Parliament of India. The tribunal consists of both judicial and expert members. The chairperson of the NGT is a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India or a High Court, and the other members include judicial and expert members with knowledge and experience in environmental matters.

2. Jurisdiction:

The NGT has jurisdiction over a wide range of environmental matters. It hears cases and adjudicates on issues related to the enforcement of environmental laws, including violations of pollution control measures, forest conservation, biodiversity, water and air pollution, industrial and developmental projects, and other environmental disputes.

3. Powers and Functions:

The NGT has been granted extensive powers to carry out its functions effectively. Some key powers and functions of the NGT include:

- Adjudication: The NGT has the authority to hear and decide cases related to environmental violations and disputes. It has the same powers as a civil court, including the power to summon and enforce the attendance of witnesses, examine them on oath, and compel the discovery and production of documents.

- Relief and Compensation: The NGT can provide appropriate relief and compensation to the affected parties in cases of environmental damage or pollution.

- Review and Appeals: The NGT's decisions can be challenged through review petitions before the tribunal itself or through appeals to the Supreme Court of India.

4. Powers to Issue Directions:

The NGT can issue various directions and orders to enforce environmental laws and protect the environment. It has the authority to issue interim orders, restraining orders, and directives to halt or modify activities causing environmental harm.

5. Appellate Authority:

The NGT Act also establishes the National Green Tribunal Appellate Authority (NGTAA). The NGTAA hears appeals against orders or decisions of environmental regulators and authorities issued under environmental laws.

The National Green Tribunal has been instrumental in providing a specialized forum for addressing environmental disputes in India and expediting the resolution of environmental issues. Its establishment and functioning have helped enhance environmental governance, promote sustainable development, and protect and preserve the country's natural resources.

Please note that while the information provided here is accurate to the best of my knowledge up to September 2021, it's always recommended to refer to the official sources and the latest amendments to the NGT Act for the most up-to-date and accurate information.

Comments

Accuracy Assessment

Accuracy assessment is the process of checking how correct your classified satellite image is . 👉 After supervised classification, the satellite image is divided into classes like: Water Forest Agriculture Built-up land Barren land But classification is done using computer algorithms, so some areas may be wrongly classified . 👉 Accuracy assessment helps to answer this question: ✔ "How much of my classified map is correct compared to real ground conditions?" Goal The main goal is to: Measure reliability of classified maps Identify classification errors Improve classification results Provide scientific validity to research 👉 Without accuracy assessment, a classified map is not considered scientifically reliable . Reference Data (Ground Truth Data) Reference data is real-world information used to check classification accuracy. It can be collected from: ✔ Field survey using GPS ✔ High-resolution satellite images (Google Earth etc.) ✔ Existing maps or survey reports 🧭 Exampl...

Landsat 8 Band designation and Band Combination.

Landsat 8 Band designation and Band Combination. Landsat 8-9 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) Bands Wavelength (micrometers) Resolution (meters) Band 1 - Coastal aerosol 0.43-0.45 30 Band 2 - Blue 0.45-0.51 30 Band 3 - Green 0.53-0.59 30 Band 4 - Red 0.64-0.67 30 Band 5 - Near Infrared (NIR) 0.85-0.88 30 Band 6 - SWIR 1 1.57-1.65 30 Band 7 - SWIR 2 2.11-2.29 30 Band 8 - Panchromatic 0.50-0.68 15 Band 9 - Cirrus 1.36-1.38 30 Band 10 - Thermal Infrared (TIRS) 1 10.6-11.19 100 Band 11 - Thermal Infrared (TIRS) 2 11.50-12.51 100 Vineesh V Assistant Professor of Geography, Directorate of Education, Government of Kerala. https://www.facebook.com/Applied.Geography http://geogisgeo.blogspot.com

REMOTE SENSING INDICES

Remote sensing indices are band ratios designed to highlight specific surface features (vegetation, soil, water, urban areas, snow, burned areas, etc.) using the spectral reflectance properties of the Earth's surface. They improve classification accuracy and environmental monitoring. 1. Vegetation Indices NDVI – Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Formula: (NIR – RED) / (NIR + RED) Concept: Vegetation reflects strongly in NIR and absorbs in RED due to chlorophyll. Measures: Vegetation greenness & health Uses: Agriculture, drought monitoring, biomass estimation EVI – Enhanced Vegetation Index Formula: G × (NIR – RED) / (NIR + C1×RED – C2×BLUE + L) Concept: Corrects for soil and atmospheric noise. Measures: Vegetation vigor in dense canopies Uses: Tropical rainforest mapping, high biomass regions GNDVI – Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Formula: (NIR – GREEN) / (NIR + GREEN) Concept: Uses Green instead of Red ...

Energy Interaction with Atmosphere and Earth Surface

In Remote Sensing , satellites record electromagnetic radiation (EMR) that is reflected or emitted from the Earth. Before reaching the sensor, radiation interacts with: The Atmosphere The Earth's Surface These interactions control how satellite images look and how we interpret them. I. Interaction of EMR with the Atmosphere When solar radiation travels from the Sun to the Earth, four main processes occur: 1. Absorption Definition: Absorption occurs when atmospheric gases absorb radiation at specific wavelengths and convert it into heat. Main absorbing gases: Ozone (O₃) → absorbs Ultraviolet (UV) Carbon dioxide (CO₂) → absorbs Thermal Infrared Water vapour (H₂O) → absorbs Infrared Concept: Atmospheric Windows These are wavelength regions where absorption is very low, allowing radiation to pass through the atmosphere. Remote sensing depends on these windows. For example, satellites like Landsat 8 use visible, near-infrared, and thermal bands located in atmospheric windows. 2. Trans...

Atmospheric Window

The atmospheric window in remote sensing refers to specific wavelength ranges within the electromagnetic spectrum that can pass through the Earth's atmosphere relatively unimpeded. These windows are crucial for remote sensing applications because they allow us to observe the Earth's surface and atmosphere without significant interference from the atmosphere's constituents. Key facts and concepts about atmospheric windows: Visible and Near-Infrared (VNIR) window: This window encompasses wavelengths from approximately 0. 4 to 1. 0 micrometers. It is ideal for observing vegetation, water bodies, and land cover types. Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) window: This window covers wavelengths from approximately 1. 0 to 3. 0 micrometers. It is particularly useful for detecting minerals, water content, and vegetation health. Mid-Infrared (MIR) window: This window spans wavelengths from approximately 3. 0 to 8. 0 micrometers. It is valuable for identifying various materials, incl...

Vineesh V, Geography

Search This Blog