International Protocols. Environment conservation 🌲

International protocols related to the environment are agreements or treaties that are negotiated and adopted by multiple countries to address specific environmental issues. These protocols serve as frameworks for cooperation and action, outlining the obligations and commitments of participating countries. Here are a few notable international protocols related to the environment:

1. Kyoto Protocol (1997): The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It aimed to combat global warming by setting binding emission reduction targets for developed countries. The protocol introduced the concept of carbon trading and established mechanisms for countries to achieve their targets through emissions trading, clean development projects, and joint implementation.

2. Montreal Protocol (1987): The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is a global environmental agreement. It aims to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS), such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). The protocol has been successful in reducing ODS production and has contributed to the recovery of the ozone layer.

3. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2000): The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). It addresses the safe transfer, handling, and use of living genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that may have adverse effects on biodiversity. The protocol promotes transparency, information sharing, and risk assessment in the field of biotechnology to ensure the safe handling of GMOs.

4. Basel Convention (1989): The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal is an international treaty that aims to minimize the generation and movement of hazardous wastes. The convention promotes environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes, regulates their transboundary movement, and encourages countries to minimize waste generation and promote waste recycling and disposal.

5. Aarhus Convention (1998): The Aarhus Convention, also known as the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making, and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, aims to promote environmental democracy. The convention grants the public the right to access environmental information, participate in decision-making processes, and access justice in environmental matters. It encourages transparency and public involvement in environmental governance.

These are just a few examples of international protocols related to the environment. There are many other agreements and treaties that address specific environmental issues, such as biodiversity conservation, marine pollution, desertification, and sustainable development. These protocols play a crucial role in fostering international cooperation, setting standards, and guiding countries' actions to address global environmental challenges.

🌏

Comments

Natural Disasters

A natural disaster is a catastrophic event caused by natural processes of the Earth that results in significant loss of life, property, and environmental resources. It occurs when a hazard (potentially damaging physical event) interacts with a vulnerable population and leads to disruption of normal life . Key terms: Hazard → A potential natural event (e.g., cyclone, earthquake). Disaster → When the hazard causes widespread damage due to vulnerability. Risk → Probability of harmful consequences from interaction of hazard and vulnerability. Vulnerability → Degree to which a community or system is exposed and unable to cope with the hazard. Resilience → Ability of a system or society to recover from the disaster impact. 👉 Example: An earthquake in an uninhabited desert is a hazard , but not a disaster unless people or infrastructure are affected. Types Natural disasters can be classified into geophysical, hydrological, meteorological, clim...

geostationary and sun-synchronous

Orbital characteristics of Remote sensing satellite geostationary and sun-synchronous Orbits in Remote Sensing Orbit = the path a satellite follows around the Earth. The orbit determines what part of Earth the satellite can see , how often it revisits , and what applications it is good for . Remote sensing satellites mainly use two standard orbits : Geostationary Orbit (GEO) Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO) Geostationary Satellites (GEO) Characteristics Altitude : ~35,786 km above the equator. Period : 24 hours → same as Earth's rotation. Orbit type : Circular, directly above the equator . Appears "stationary" over one fixed point on Earth. Concepts & Terminologies Geosynchronous = orbit period matches Earth's rotation (24h). Geostationary = special type of geosynchronous orbit directly above equator → looks fixed. Continuous coverage : Can monitor the same area all the time. Applications Weather...

Types of Remote Sensing

Remote Sensing means collecting information about the Earth's surface without touching it , usually using satellites, aircraft, or drones . There are different types of remote sensing based on the energy source and the wavelength region used. 🛰️ 1. Active Remote Sensing 📘 Concept: In active remote sensing , the sensor sends out its own energy (like a signal or pulse) to the Earth's surface. The sensor then records the reflected or backscattered energy that comes back from the surface. ⚙️ Key Terminology: Transmitter: sends energy (like a radar pulse or laser beam). Receiver: detects the energy that bounces back. Backscatter: energy that is reflected back to the sensor. 📊 Examples of Active Sensors: RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging): Uses microwave signals to detect surface roughness, soil moisture, or ocean waves. LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging): Uses laser light (near-infrared) to measure elevation, vegetation...

India remote sensing

1. Foundational Phase (Early 1970s – Early 1980s) Objective: To explore the potential of space-based observation for national development. 1972: The Space Applications Programme (SAP) was initiated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), focusing on applying space technology for societal benefits. 1975: The Department of Space (DoS) was established, providing an institutional base for space applications, including remote sensing. 1977: India began aerial and balloon-borne experiments to study Earth resources and assess how remote sensing data could aid in agriculture, forestry, and hydrology. 1978 (June 7): Bhaskara-I launched by the Soviet Union — India's first experimental Earth Observation satellite . Payloads: TV cameras (for land and ocean surface observation) and a Microwave Radiometer. Significance: Proved that satellite-based Earth observation was feasible for India's needs. 1981 (November 20): Bhaskara-II launche...

Linear Arrays Along-Track Scanners or Pushbroom Scanners

Multispectral Imaging Using Linear Arrays (Along-Track Scanners or Pushbroom Scanners) Multispectral Imaging: As previously defined, this involves capturing images using multiple sensors that are sensitive to different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. Linear Array of Detectors (A): This refers to a row of discrete detectors arranged in a straight line. Each detector is responsible for measuring the radiation within a specific wavelength band. Focal Plane (B): This is the plane where the image is formed by the lens system. It is the location where the detectors are placed to capture the focused image. Formed by Lens Systems (C): The lens system is responsible for collecting and focusing the incoming radiation onto the focal plane. It acts like a camera lens, creating a sharp image of the scene. Ground Resolution Cell (D): As previously defined, this is the smallest area on the ground that can be resolved by a remote sensing sensor. In the case of linear array scanne...

Vineesh V, Geography

Search This Blog