Sorting of sediment. Geography of Soil

Sorting describes the distribution of grain size of sediments, either in unconsolidated deposits or in sedimentary rocks. Very poorly sorted indicates that the sediment sizes are mixed (large variance); whereas well sorted indicates that the sediment sizes are similar (low variance)

The terms describing sorting in sediments – very poorly sorted, poorly sorted, moderately sorted, well sorted, very well sorted – have technical definitions and semi-quantitatively describe the amount of variance seen in particle sizes. In the field, sedimentologists use graphical charts to accurately describe the sorting of a sediment using one of these terms.

The degree of sorting may also indicate the energy, rate, and/or duration of deposition, as well as the transport process (river, debris flow, wind, glacier, etc.) responsible for laying down the sediment.

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Artisan Wells Basins

Artisan Wells and Basins Artesian wells are a type of well that harnesses the natural pressure of water trapped underground to force water to the surface without pumping. This phenomenon occurs in specific geological formations known as artesian basins . Key Terminologies and Concepts Aquifer: A geological formation that can store and transmit water. It is typically made up of porous rocks or sediments like sandstone or gravel. Confined Aquifer: An aquifer that is sandwiched between two impermeable layers (like clay or shale) that prevent water from escaping. Artesian Basin: A geological structure where a confined aquifer is tilted and has a recharge area at a higher elevation than the discharge area. This creates a pressure gradient that forces water to flow upwards. Potentiometric Surface: The theoretical level to which water would rise in a well drilled into an artesian aquifer if there were no restrictions. It is determined by the pressure head in the aquifer. Flowing Artesian

Ground Water

Groundwater Terminology, Concepts, and Facts Key Terms Aquifer: A geological formation that can store and transmit significant quantities of water. Water Table: The upper surface of the saturated zone in an aquifer. Recharge: The process of replenishing groundwater through precipitation or other sources. Discharge: The process of groundwater flowing out of an aquifer, typically into surface water bodies or through wells. Hydraulic Gradient: The slope of the water table. Darcy's Law: A law that describes the flow of groundwater through porous media. Permeability: The ability of a material to transmit water. Porosity: The amount of void space in a material. Concepts Groundwater Flow: Groundwater moves from areas of higher hydraulic head to areas of lower hydraulic head. Groundwater Contamination: The introduction of pollutants into groundwater. Groundwater Depletion: The excessive extraction of groundwater, leading to a decline in water table levels. Saltwater Intrusion:

Groundwater – Porosity and Permeability

Groundwater refers to the water that resides beneath the Earth's surface in the pores and crevices of rock, sediment, and soil. Two key properties that influence the movement and storage of groundwater are porosity and permeability: 1. Porosity: - Definition: Porosity refers to the volume percentage of void spaces (pores or openings) in a geological material, such as soil or rock. - Role: Porosity determines how much water a subsurface material can hold. It is a measure of the material's capacity to store water. - Factors: Porosity is influenced by the size and arrangement of particles within the material. Highly porous materials have more void spaces, while less porous materials have fewer. - Units: Porosity is expressed as a percentage, with 0% indicating complete solidity (no pore spaces) and 100% indicating complete void space. 2. Permeability: - Definition: Permeability refers to the ability of a geological material to transmit fluids, such as water. It meas

Water harvesting

Aquifer

1. Aquifers: - Definition: Aquifers are rocks and soils that possess both porosity and permeability. - Porosity: Refers to the presence of open spaces (pores) within the material. - Permeability: Indicates the ability of the material to transmit fluids (water, in this context) through those pores. 2. Aquicludes: - Definition: Aquicludes are rocks and soils that have porosity but lack permeability. - Porosity: They contain open spaces, but... - Permeability: ...are not conducive to the easy movement of fluids due to the lack of interconnected pathways. 3. Aquitards: - Definition: Aquitards have porosity, but their permeability is limited. - Porosity: They have open spaces... - Limited Permeability: ...yet the movement of fluids is slower or restricted compared to aquifers due to lower permeability. 4. Aquifuge: - Definition: Aquifuge rocks and soils have neither porosity nor permeability. - No Porosity: They lack open spaces for water to be stored...

Vineesh V, Geography

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