Folding is a concept that embraces all geologic processes by which surfaces in rocks become curved during deformation

Folding is a concept that embraces all geologic processes by which surfaces in rocks become curved during deformation. Since folds are permanent deformation structures with no or little loss of cohesion of the folded layer, folding refers to the essentially slow, ductile behaviour of relatively soft and/or hot rocks. Beyond the descriptive, anatomical classifications, much of the early geologic work on folding processes focused on the deformation of stratified sediments. Different folding mechanisms combine a few basic processes involving the geometrical (layer thickness and spacing) and physical (viscosity, viscosity contrast, anisotropy) properties of the rocks. This lecture deals with some consideration on genetic, mechanical aspects concerning the development of folds. The important point to note is that stress alone is insufficient to cause folding: A planar surface must first exist to define the fold shape, and the orientation of this planar marker with respect to the stress direction controls in many ways the attitude of the resulting fold.

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History of GIS

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