Disaster management flood

Floods are among the most frequent and devastating extreme events — responsible for 44% of disasters between 2000 and 2019, affecting 1.6 billion people and causing $650 billion in losses.

What makes floods particularly complex is their systemic nature:

🔹 Climate change intensifies rainfall, snowmelt, and sea-level rise

🔹 Rapid urbanisation seals land and overloads drainage

🔹 Deforestation, soil degradation, and river straightening amplify runoff

🔹 Marginalised groups remain the most exposed

Floods come in three forms — fluvial (river), pluvial (rainfall), and coastal — and each requires tailored approaches. But all demand integrated flood management that combines:

✅ Effective governance and early warning systems

✅ Technological innovation, adapted to local realities

✅ Social resilience and traditional knowledge

✅ Nature-based solutions, from mangroves to wetlands

The evidence is clear: piecemeal fixes won't suffice. Building resilience to floods requires investment in holistic, inclusive, and locally led strategies.

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History of GIS

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