environmental refugee or environmental migrant

The term "environmental refugee" or "environmental migrant" refers to a person or group of people who are forced to leave their homes or countries due to environmental factors that make their living conditions unsustainable or inhospitable. These individuals or communities face environmental changes or disasters that directly or indirectly impact their well-being and livelihoods.

Environmental refugees can be displaced due to a variety of environmental factors, including:

1. Natural Disasters: Events such as hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, wildfires, or droughts can devastate communities, rendering their homes and lands uninhabitable.

2. Climate Change: Long-term changes in climate patterns, such as rising sea levels, desertification, or extreme weather events, can erode land productivity, destroy crops, and disrupt ecosystems, forcing people to migrate.

3. Environmental Degradation: Land degradation, deforestation, soil erosion, and water scarcity can undermine agricultural productivity and access to resources, leading to migration in search of better conditions.

4. Resource Conflicts: Disputes over natural resources, such as water or fertile land, can escalate into conflicts that result in population displacement.

It's important to note that the term "environmental refugee" does not have a recognized legal definition in international law. While there are legal frameworks to protect refugees fleeing persecution or conflict, there is no specific international agreement to address the specific needs of those displaced primarily due to environmental factors.

Instead, these individuals are often categorized as "internally displaced persons" (IDPs) or may seek asylum as "climate refugees" or "environmental migrants." However, the absence of a legal framework dedicated to environmental refugees presents challenges in providing adequate protection and assistance to those affected.

The issue of environmental migration is becoming increasingly relevant as the impacts of climate change intensify. It highlights the need for global cooperation, policy development, and humanitarian support to address the challenges faced by communities forced to relocate due to environmental factors.

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Photogrammetry – Types of Photographs

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Photogrammetry – Geometry of a Vertical Photograph

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Raster Data Structure

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Photogrammetry

Photogrammetry is the science of taking measurements from photographs —especially to create maps, models, or 3D images of objects, land, or buildings. Imagine you take two pictures of a mountain from slightly different angles. Photogrammetry uses those photos to figure out the shape, size, and position of the mountain—just like our eyes do when we see in 3D! Concepts and Terminologies 1. Photograph A picture captured by a camera , either from the ground (terrestrial) or from above (aerial or drone). 2. Stereo Pair Two overlapping photos taken from different angles. When seen together, they help create a 3D effect —just like how two human eyes work. 3. Overlap To get a 3D model, photos must overlap each other: Forward overlap : Between two photos in a flight line (usually 60–70%) Side overlap : Between adjacent flight lines (usually 30–40%) 4. Scale The ratio of the photo size to real-world size. Example: A 1:10,000 scale photo means 1 cm on the photo...

Logical Data Model in GIS

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Vineesh V, Geography

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