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Location – Where the object is found on the map or photo. Knowing the place can give clues about what it is.
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Size – How big or small it appears, which helps identify objects (e.g., a football field vs. a garden).
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Shape – The outline or form of the object, such as round, rectangular, or irregular.
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Shadow – The dark area an object casts; it helps guess height, shape, and type of object.
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Tone/Color – Lightness, darkness, or color differences that help tell objects apart (e.g., blue water, green vegetation).
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Texture – How smooth or rough the surface looks in the image (e.g., forest appears rough, grassland appears smooth).
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Pattern – The arrangement or repetition of objects, like rows of trees or grid-like city blocks.
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Height/Depth – How tall or deep an object or landform is, often estimated from shadows or stereo images.
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Site/Situation/Association – The surroundings and relationships between objects (e.g., a swimming pool next to a house, or a factory near a railway line).
Spatial data creation is the process of generating, organizing, and managing geographically referenced information in a Geographic Information System (GIS). It involves converting maps, satellite images, GPS observations, and field survey data into digital datasets that can be stored, analyzed, and visualized. The quality of GIS analysis depends largely on the accuracy of spatial data creation. 1. Creation of Shapefile and Geodatabase A. Shapefile A Shapefile is one of the most widely used vector data formats developed by Esri for storing geographic features. Definition A shapefile stores the geometry and attributes of geographic features such as points, lines, and polygons. Components of a Shapefile A shapefile consists of several files: .shp – Stores geometry (shape) .shx – Shape index .dbf – Attribute table .prj – Coordinate Reference System (CRS) .sbn/.sbx – Spatial index (optional) Geometry Types Point – W...
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