elements of interpolation of aerial photos

Location – Where the object is found on the map or photo. Knowing the place can give clues about what it is.
Size – How big or small it appears, which helps identify objects (e.g., a football field vs. a garden).
Shape – The outline or form of the object, such as round, rectangular, or irregular.
Shadow – The dark area an object casts; it helps guess height, shape, and type of object.
Tone/Color – Lightness, darkness, or color differences that help tell objects apart (e.g., blue water, green vegetation).
Texture – How smooth or rough the surface looks in the image (e.g., forest appears rough, grassland appears smooth).
Pattern – The arrangement or repetition of objects, like rows of trees or grid-like city blocks.
Height/Depth – How tall or deep an object or landform is, often estimated from shadows or stereo images.
Site/Situation/Association – The surroundings and relationships between objects (e.g., a swimming pool next to a house, or a factory near a railway line).

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Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing

1. Principles Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing is based on the detection of naturally emitted electromagnetic radiation from objects, rather than reflected solar energy. According to Planck's Radiation Law , all objects with a temperature above absolute zero (0 K) emit electromagnetic radiation. For Earth surface features, the peak emission lies in the Thermal Infrared (TIR) region of 3–14 μm of the electromagnetic spectrum. The amount of radiation emitted is primarily a function of surface temperature and emissivity . Sensors measure the radiant energy flux density (W/m²) , which is later converted to surface temperature using Stefan-Boltzmann's Law . 2. Radiation Properties in TIR Emissivity (ε): Ratio of radiation emitted by a surface to that emitted by a perfect blackbody at the same temperature. Natural surfaces like water (ε ≈ 0.98) have high emissivity, while bare soils and metals have lower values. Blackbody: An idealized object th...

Atmospheric Window

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Regional Geography, Systematic Geography, Idiographic, Nomothetic, Inductive and Deductive Approaches

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Discrete Detectors and Scanning mirrors Across the track scanner Whisk broom scanner.

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