Spatial data and Attribute data

Spatial Data

Definition:
Spatial data represents the geometric location of features on the Earth's surface. It defines the shape, size, and position of geographic entities.

Key Concepts and Terminologies:

Geometric Representation:
- Point Data: Represents a single location (e.g., a city center, weather station).
- Line Data: Represents linear features (e.g., roads, rivers).
- Polygon Data: Represents area-based features (e.g., administrative boundaries, lakes).
Coordinate Systems & Projections:
- Geographic Coordinate System (GCS): Uses latitude and longitude (e.g., WGS 84).
- Projected Coordinate System (PCS): Converts curved surface data to a flat map (e.g., UTM, Mercator).
Data Formats:
- Vector Data: Stores discrete features (points, lines, polygons).
- Raster Data: Stores continuous data in grid format (e.g., satellite imagery, elevation models).

Examples of Spatial Data:

A vector dataset of roads with line geometries stored in Shapefile (.shp) format.
A raster dataset of land surface temperature stored in GeoTIFF (.tif) format.

2. Attribute Data

Definition:
Attribute data is the descriptive (non-spatial) information attached to each spatial feature. It provides additional characteristics about the location.

Key Concepts and Terminologies:

Types of Attribute Data:
- Nominal Data: Categorical labels (e.g., land cover type: "forest", "urban").
- Ordinal Data: Ranked values (e.g., soil erosion severity: "low", "medium", "high").
- Interval Data: Numeric values without a true zero (e.g., temperature in Celsius).
- Ratio Data: Numeric values with a true zero (e.g., population, rainfall in mm).
Attribute Tables:
- Data is stored in tabular form linked to spatial features.
- Columns represent attributes (e.g., "Name", "Area"), and rows represent individual features (e.g., each city, road, or land parcel).

Examples of Attribute Data:

A city point feature with attributes:

City Name Population Elevation (m) GDP ($ billion)
New York 8,398,748 10 1.5
Tokyo 13,515,271 40 2.8
A polygon land use dataset with attributes:

ID Land Use Type Area (sq km)
001 Residential 12.5
002 Commercial 5.2

City Name	Population	Elevation (m)	GDP ($ billion)
New York	8,398,748	10	1.5
Tokyo	13,515,271	40	2.8

ID	Land Use Type	Area (sq km)
001	Residential	12.5
002	Commercial	5.2

3. Thematic Characteristics

Definition:
Thematic characteristics define the subject or theme of spatial data. They determine what kind of attribute data is associated with each geographic feature.

Key Concepts and Terminologies:

Thematic Layers: Different types of spatial information stored separately in GIS.
Thematic Mapping: Visualizing data based on specific attributes (e.g., population density maps).
Classification Schemes: Grouping data into meaningful categories (e.g., NDVI vegetation classes).

Examples of Thematic Characteristics:

Land Cover Theme:
- Attributes: "Forest", "Grassland", "Urban"
- Example: A raster dataset showing global land cover classification.
Demographics Theme:
- Attributes: "Population Density", "Age Group Distribution"
- Example: A choropleth map of population density across districts.
Environmental Theme:
- Attributes: "Temperature", "Precipitation"
- Example: A raster dataset displaying monthly rainfall distribution.

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Platforms in Remote Sensing

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Types of Remote Sensing

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Resolution of Sensors in Remote Sensing

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Optical Sensors in Remote Sensing

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geostationary and sun-synchronous

Orbital characteristics of Remote sensing satellite geostationary and sun-synchronous Orbits in Remote Sensing Orbit = the path a satellite follows around the Earth. The orbit determines what part of Earth the satellite can see , how often it revisits , and what applications it is good for . Remote sensing satellites mainly use two standard orbits : Geostationary Orbit (GEO) Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO) Geostationary Satellites (GEO) Characteristics Altitude : ~35,786 km above the equator. Period : 24 hours → same as Earth's rotation. Orbit type : Circular, directly above the equator . Appears "stationary" over one fixed point on Earth. Concepts & Terminologies Geosynchronous = orbit period matches Earth's rotation (24h). Geostationary = special type of geosynchronous orbit directly above equator → looks fixed. Continuous coverage : Can monitor the same area all the time. Applications Weather...

Vineesh V, Geography

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