Environmentalism or Environmental Rights

Environmentalism is a broad social and political movement that advocates for the protection, conservation, and sustainable use of the natural environment. It encompasses a range of beliefs, actions, and initiatives aimed at addressing environmental issues and promoting ecological responsibility. Environmentalism seeks to raise awareness about the impact of human activities on the environment and strives to bring about positive change through individual actions, collective efforts, and policy advocacy.

Key aspects of environmentalism include:

1. Conservation and Preservation: Environmentalism emphasizes the importance of conserving natural resources, protecting biodiversity, and preserving ecosystems. It recognizes the intrinsic value of the environment and aims to prevent the destruction or degradation of natural habitats.

2. Sustainability: Environmentalism promotes the idea of sustainability, which involves meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It seeks to balance environmental, social, and economic considerations, aiming for a harmonious relationship between humans and nature.

3. Awareness and Education: Environmentalism seeks to raise public awareness about environmental issues and their consequences. It emphasizes the importance of education and knowledge sharing to promote environmentally responsible behavior and informed decision-making.

4. Advocacy and Activism: Environmentalism often involves advocacy and activism to influence policies and practices that affect the environment. Activists and organizations work to raise public awareness, lobby for environmental regulations, and hold governments and corporations accountable for their environmental impacts.

5. Sustainable Development: Environmentalism recognizes the need for sustainable development, which integrates environmental, social, and economic considerations. It calls for practices that minimize negative impacts on the environment while promoting social equity and economic well-being.

6. Environmental Justice: Environmentalism highlights the intersectionality of environmental issues and social justice. It addresses the disproportionate burdens and risks faced by marginalized communities due to environmental degradation and pollution. Environmental justice advocates strive for fair and equitable access to a clean and healthy environment for all.

7. Green Technologies and Solutions: Environmentalism encourages the development and adoption of green technologies and solutions that reduce environmental harm. This includes renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, sustainable agriculture, waste reduction and recycling, and eco-friendly transportation.

8. International Cooperation: Environmentalism recognizes the global nature of environmental challenges and promotes international cooperation to address issues such as climate change, deforestation, and pollution. It supports multilateral agreements and initiatives that foster collaboration and shared responsibility among nations.

Environmentalism plays a crucial role in shaping policies, influencing public opinion, and driving individual and collective actions towards a more sustainable and environmentally conscious future. It aims to protect the natural world, mitigate climate change, and ensure the well-being of both current and future generations.

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Natural Disasters

A natural disaster is a catastrophic event caused by natural processes of the Earth that results in significant loss of life, property, and environmental resources. It occurs when a hazard (potentially damaging physical event) interacts with a vulnerable population and leads to disruption of normal life . Key terms: Hazard → A potential natural event (e.g., cyclone, earthquake). Disaster → When the hazard causes widespread damage due to vulnerability. Risk → Probability of harmful consequences from interaction of hazard and vulnerability. Vulnerability → Degree to which a community or system is exposed and unable to cope with the hazard. Resilience → Ability of a system or society to recover from the disaster impact. 👉 Example: An earthquake in an uninhabited desert is a hazard , but not a disaster unless people or infrastructure are affected. Types Natural disasters can be classified into geophysical, hydrological, meteorological, clim...

geostationary and sun-synchronous

Orbital characteristics of Remote sensing satellite geostationary and sun-synchronous Orbits in Remote Sensing Orbit = the path a satellite follows around the Earth. The orbit determines what part of Earth the satellite can see , how often it revisits , and what applications it is good for . Remote sensing satellites mainly use two standard orbits : Geostationary Orbit (GEO) Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO) Geostationary Satellites (GEO) Characteristics Altitude : ~35,786 km above the equator. Period : 24 hours → same as Earth's rotation. Orbit type : Circular, directly above the equator . Appears "stationary" over one fixed point on Earth. Concepts & Terminologies Geosynchronous = orbit period matches Earth's rotation (24h). Geostationary = special type of geosynchronous orbit directly above equator → looks fixed. Continuous coverage : Can monitor the same area all the time. Applications Weather...

Types of Remote Sensing

Remote Sensing means collecting information about the Earth's surface without touching it , usually using satellites, aircraft, or drones . There are different types of remote sensing based on the energy source and the wavelength region used. 🛰️ 1. Active Remote Sensing 📘 Concept: In active remote sensing , the sensor sends out its own energy (like a signal or pulse) to the Earth's surface. The sensor then records the reflected or backscattered energy that comes back from the surface. ⚙️ Key Terminology: Transmitter: sends energy (like a radar pulse or laser beam). Receiver: detects the energy that bounces back. Backscatter: energy that is reflected back to the sensor. 📊 Examples of Active Sensors: RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging): Uses microwave signals to detect surface roughness, soil moisture, or ocean waves. LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging): Uses laser light (near-infrared) to measure elevation, vegetation...

India remote sensing

1. Foundational Phase (Early 1970s – Early 1980s) Objective: To explore the potential of space-based observation for national development. 1972: The Space Applications Programme (SAP) was initiated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), focusing on applying space technology for societal benefits. 1975: The Department of Space (DoS) was established, providing an institutional base for space applications, including remote sensing. 1977: India began aerial and balloon-borne experiments to study Earth resources and assess how remote sensing data could aid in agriculture, forestry, and hydrology. 1978 (June 7): Bhaskara-I launched by the Soviet Union — India's first experimental Earth Observation satellite . Payloads: TV cameras (for land and ocean surface observation) and a Microwave Radiometer. Significance: Proved that satellite-based Earth observation was feasible for India's needs. 1981 (November 20): Bhaskara-II launche...

Linear Arrays Along-Track Scanners or Pushbroom Scanners

Multispectral Imaging Using Linear Arrays (Along-Track Scanners or Pushbroom Scanners) Multispectral Imaging: As previously defined, this involves capturing images using multiple sensors that are sensitive to different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. Linear Array of Detectors (A): This refers to a row of discrete detectors arranged in a straight line. Each detector is responsible for measuring the radiation within a specific wavelength band. Focal Plane (B): This is the plane where the image is formed by the lens system. It is the location where the detectors are placed to capture the focused image. Formed by Lens Systems (C): The lens system is responsible for collecting and focusing the incoming radiation onto the focal plane. It acts like a camera lens, creating a sharp image of the scene. Ground Resolution Cell (D): As previously defined, this is the smallest area on the ground that can be resolved by a remote sensing sensor. In the case of linear array scanne...

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