Surface water pollution and Environmental

Surface water pollution refers to the contamination of water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and oceans by various pollutants. These pollutants can come from both natural sources and human activities. Environmental impacts of surface water pollution are significant and include:

1. Ecosystem Damage: Pollutants like industrial chemicals, agricultural runoff, and sewage can harm aquatic ecosystems. They can disrupt the balance of aquatic life, leading to fish kills and the decline of biodiversity.

2. Water Quality: Contaminated surface water can affect the quality of drinking water sources. When pollutants enter rivers and lakes, they can make water unsafe for human consumption, leading to health risks.

3. Human Health: Surface water pollution can impact human health when polluted water is used for drinking, recreation, or irrigation. Contaminants like bacteria, heavy metals, and toxic chemicals can cause various diseases and health problems.

4. Economic Costs: Cleanup and mitigation of surface water pollution come with significant economic costs. Polluted water bodies can affect industries like fisheries and tourism, leading to financial losses in affected regions.

5. Habitat Destruction: Pollution can destroy the habitats of aquatic species. Chemical pollutants and sedimentation can smother riverbeds and disrupt the nesting grounds of various aquatic organisms.

6. Algal Blooms: Excessive nutrient pollution, often from agricultural runoff, can lead to harmful algal blooms. These blooms deplete oxygen, create dead zones, and release toxins that harm aquatic life and impact human activities.

7. Global Impact: Polluted surface water can eventually flow into the ocean, contributing to marine pollution and negatively affecting coastal ecosystems and wildlife.

8. Regulatory Challenges: Addressing surface water pollution often requires complex regulations and enforcement mechanisms. Governments and organizations must monitor and control pollution sources to mitigate environmental damage.

Efforts to combat surface water pollution include the enforcement of water quality standards, better waste management practices, and promoting sustainable land use and agriculture to reduce runoff. Protecting surface water quality is crucial for both ecological and human well-being and is an integral part of environmental conservation.

Comments

Photogrammetry – Types of Photographs

In photogrammetry, aerial photographs are categorized based on camera orientation , coverage , and spectral sensitivity . Below is a breakdown of the major types: 1️⃣ Based on Camera Axis Orientation Type Description Key Feature Vertical Photo Taken with the camera axis pointing directly downward (within 3° of vertical). Used for maps and measurements Oblique Photo Taken with the camera axis tilted away from vertical. Covers more area but with distortions Low Oblique: Horizon not visible High Oblique: Horizon visible 2️⃣ Based on Number of Photos Taken Type Description Single Photo One image taken of an area Stereoscopic Pair Two overlapping photos for 3D viewing and depth analysis Strip or Mosaic Series of overlapping photos covering a long area, useful in mapping large regions 3️⃣ Based on Spectral Sensitivity Type Description Application Panchromatic Captures images in black and white General mapping Infrared (IR) Sensitive to infrared radiation Veget...

Photogrammetry – Geometry of a Vertical Photograph

Photogrammetry is the science of making measurements from photographs, especially for mapping and surveying. When the camera axis is perpendicular (vertical) to the ground, the photo is called a vertical photograph , and its geometry is central to accurate mapping. Elements of Vertical Photo Geometry In a vertical aerial photograph , the geometry is governed by the central projection principle. Here's how it works: 1. Principal Point (P) The point on the photo where the optical axis of the camera intersects the photo plane. It's the geometric center of the photo. 2. Nadir Point (N) The point on the ground directly below the camera at the time of exposure. Ideally, in a perfect vertical photo, the nadir and principal point coincide. 3. Photo Center (C) Usually coincides with the principal point in a vertical photo. 4. Ground Coordinates (X, Y, Z) Real-world (map) coordinates of objects photographed. 5. Flying Height (H) He...

Raster Data Structure

Raster Data Raster data is like a digital photo made up of small squares called cells or pixels . Each cell shows something about that spot — like how high it is (elevation), how hot it is (temperature), or what kind of land it is (forest, water, etc.). Think of it like a graph paper where each box is colored to show what's there. Key Points What's in the cell? Each cell stores information — for example, "water" or "forest." Where is the cell? The cell's location comes from its place in the grid (like row 3, column 5). We don't need to store its exact coordinates. How Do We Decide a Cell's Value? Sometimes, one cell covers more than one thing (like part forest and part water). To choose one value , we can: Center Point: Use whatever feature is in the middle. Most Area: Use the feature that takes up the most space in the cell. Most Important: Use the most important feature (like a road or well), even if it...

Logical Data Model in GIS

In GIS, a logical data model defines how data is structured and interrelated—independent of how it is physically stored or implemented. It serves as a blueprint for designing databases, focusing on the organization of entities, their attributes, and relationships, without tying them to a specific database technology. Key Features Abstraction : The logical model operates at an abstract level, emphasizing the conceptual structure of data rather than the technical details of storage or implementation. Entity-Attribute Relationships : It identifies key entities (objects or concepts) and their attributes (properties), as well as the logical relationships between them. Business Rules : Business logic is embedded in the model to enforce rules, constraints, and conditions that ensure data consistency and accuracy. Technology Independence : The logical model is platform-agnostic—it is not tied to any specific database system or storage format. Visual Representat...

Photogrammetry

Photogrammetry is the science of taking measurements from photographs —especially to create maps, models, or 3D images of objects, land, or buildings. Imagine you take two pictures of a mountain from slightly different angles. Photogrammetry uses those photos to figure out the shape, size, and position of the mountain—just like our eyes do when we see in 3D! Concepts and Terminologies 1. Photograph A picture captured by a camera , either from the ground (terrestrial) or from above (aerial or drone). 2. Stereo Pair Two overlapping photos taken from different angles. When seen together, they help create a 3D effect —just like how two human eyes work. 3. Overlap To get a 3D model, photos must overlap each other: Forward overlap : Between two photos in a flight line (usually 60–70%) Side overlap : Between adjacent flight lines (usually 30–40%) 4. Scale The ratio of the photo size to real-world size. Example: A 1:10,000 scale photo means 1 cm on the photo...

Vineesh V, Geography

Search This Blog