പുതുക്കിയ മോട്ടോർ വാഹന ചട്ടം ഭേദഗതി 2019 പ്രകാരമുള്ള ട്രാഫിക് നിയമ ലംഘനത്തിനുള്ള പിഴ (c)Kerala Traffic Police

പുതുക്കിയ മോട്ടോർ വാഹന ചട്ടം ഭേദഗതി 2019 പ്രകാരമുള്ള ട്രാഫിക് നിയമ ലംഘനത്തിനുള്ള പിഴ

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Artisan Wells Basins

Artisan Wells and Basins Artesian wells are a type of well that harnesses the natural pressure of water trapped underground to force water to the surface without pumping. This phenomenon occurs in specific geological formations known as artesian basins . Key Terminologies and Concepts Aquifer: A geological formation that can store and transmit water. It is typically made up of porous rocks or sediments like sandstone or gravel. Confined Aquifer: An aquifer that is sandwiched between two impermeable layers (like clay or shale) that prevent water from escaping. Artesian Basin: A geological structure where a confined aquifer is tilted and has a recharge area at a higher elevation than the discharge area. This creates a pressure gradient that forces water to flow upwards. Potentiometric Surface: The theoretical level to which water would rise in a well drilled into an artesian aquifer if there were no restrictions. It is determined by the pressure head in the aquifer. Flowing Artesian

Groundwater – Porosity and Permeability

Groundwater refers to the water that resides beneath the Earth's surface in the pores and crevices of rock, sediment, and soil. Two key properties that influence the movement and storage of groundwater are porosity and permeability: 1. Porosity: - Definition: Porosity refers to the volume percentage of void spaces (pores or openings) in a geological material, such as soil or rock. - Role: Porosity determines how much water a subsurface material can hold. It is a measure of the material's capacity to store water. - Factors: Porosity is influenced by the size and arrangement of particles within the material. Highly porous materials have more void spaces, while less porous materials have fewer. - Units: Porosity is expressed as a percentage, with 0% indicating complete solidity (no pore spaces) and 100% indicating complete void space. 2. Permeability: - Definition: Permeability refers to the ability of a geological material to transmit fluids, such as water. It meas

Water harvesting

Aquifer

1. Aquifers: - Definition: Aquifers are rocks and soils that possess both porosity and permeability. - Porosity: Refers to the presence of open spaces (pores) within the material. - Permeability: Indicates the ability of the material to transmit fluids (water, in this context) through those pores. 2. Aquicludes: - Definition: Aquicludes are rocks and soils that have porosity but lack permeability. - Porosity: They contain open spaces, but... - Permeability: ...are not conducive to the easy movement of fluids due to the lack of interconnected pathways. 3. Aquitards: - Definition: Aquitards have porosity, but their permeability is limited. - Porosity: They have open spaces... - Limited Permeability: ...yet the movement of fluids is slower or restricted compared to aquifers due to lower permeability. 4. Aquifuge: - Definition: Aquifuge rocks and soils have neither porosity nor permeability. - No Porosity: They lack open spaces for water to be stored...

Water Table

Water Table, Saturated and Unsaturated Zones, Perched Water Table, and Springs Water Table Definition: The upper surface of the saturated zone in an aquifer. Fluctuations: The water table can fluctuate due to factors like precipitation, groundwater extraction, and seasonal changes. Importance: It determines the availability of groundwater for wells and other sources. Saturated and Unsaturated Zones Saturated Zone: The area below the water table where all the pores and spaces in the rock or sediment are filled with water. Unsaturated Zone: The area above the water table where the pores and spaces contain both water and air. This zone is also known as the vadose zone. Perched Water Table Definition: A localized water table that occurs above the main water table due to a lens of impermeable material within the unsaturated zone. Formation: Perched water tables often form in areas with lenses of clay or other impermeable materials. Impact: Perched water tables can create localize

Vineesh V, Geography

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