Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University For Women (Established by Govt. of Delhi vide Act 09 of 2012) Kashmere Gate, Delhi – 110006 Ph.D Admissions: Academic Year 2019-20 (Even Semester: Jan. 2020) http://www.igdtuw.ac.in Applications for admissions to Ph.D Programme of IGDTUW for the Academic Year 2019-20 (Even Semester: Jan. 2020) are invited in various areas of Engineering, Applied Sciences and Humanities. Ph.D Programme at IGDTUW is only for female students. Admission shall be on the basis of Research Aptitude Test (RAT) followed by interview. Applicants who have qualified GATE/NET will be exempted from RAT Exam and will be called directly to appear in interview. IGDTUW Junior Research Fellowship may be offered to few of the selected PhD scholars. IMPORTANT DATES: Online Application starts on –06/12/2019 Last Date of Applications –25/12/2019 Date of RAT Examination – 31/12/2019 Application Process: Interested candidates may apply online through the Websitehttp://www.igdtuw.ac.in Help Desk Email ID: phdadmissions@igdtuw.ac.in For details please visit University website. Helpline Numbers-011-23900220, 23900221
The history of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is rooted in early efforts to understand spatial relationships and patterns, long before the advent of digital computers. While modern GIS emerged in the mid-20th century with advances in computing, its conceptual foundations lie in cartography, spatial analysis, and thematic mapping. Early Roots of Spatial Analysis (Pre-1960s) One of the earliest documented applications of spatial analysis dates back to 1832 , when Charles Picquet , a French geographer and cartographer, produced a cholera mortality map of Paris. In his report Rapport sur la marche et les effets du choléra dans Paris et le département de la Seine , Picquet used graduated color shading to represent cholera deaths per 1,000 inhabitants across 48 districts. This work is widely regarded as an early example of choropleth mapping and thematic cartography applied to epidemiology. A landmark moment in the history of spatial analysis occurred in 1854 , when John Snow inv...

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