Vineesh V, Geography

Projected and Geographical Coordinate System 

Geological time scale 

On 29 May 1953 Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzig Norgay became the first climbers to summit Mount Everest. This map, published in National Geographic's July 1954 issue, details their ascent.

Weather and climate 

Nbs nature based solutions 

Cyclone 

Soil layer 

River 

Uav classification 

Remote sensing is the science of obtaining information about the Earth's surface without direct contact, using sensors mounted on satellites, aircraft, or drones. It is widely applied in environmental monitoring, agriculture, urban studies, and disaster management due to its synoptic coverage, temporal continuity, and objective data acquisition.  Vegetation, Soil, and Water Studies 1.1 Vegetation Studies Vegetation analysis using remote sensing is based on the spectral reflectance behavior of plants . Healthy vegetation absorbs most of the red light for photosynthesis and reflects strongly in the near-infrared (NIR) region due to internal leaf structure. Key Concepts and Terminologies Spectral Signature : Unique reflectance pattern of vegetation across wavelengths. Chlorophyll Absorption : Strong absorption in blue and red wavelengths. Canopy Reflectance : Combined reflectance of leaves, branches, and background soil. Important Vegetation Indices NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetat...